Fig 3 - uploaded by Sataporn Direkbusarakom
Content may be subject to copyright.
![Pendclrs monodon. Histology of yellow-head specimens with the l~rfht microscope. (a) Low magn~f~cation of g111 tissue (H&E) shoxv~ng densely hasophilic inclusions distinct from the nuclei. Scale har = 15 pm. (b) As in Fig. [a) except at higher magniflcation. Scdlc bar = 6 pm. (c) Toluldine blue stained sections of hepalopancreatic ~nterst~tlal tissue showing densely stalning inclus~ons (arrows) that probably correspond to the densely staining basophilic material seen in the H&E preparations. Scale bar = 15 pm. (cl] As in Fig. (c] except at h ~ g h e r magnification. Scale bar = 6 pm](profile/Sataporn-Direkbusarakom/publication/250221043/figure/fig2/AS:670713778294797@1536922034506/Pendclrs-monodon-Histology-of-yellow-head-specimens-with-the-lrfht-microscope-a-Low.png)
Pendclrs monodon. Histology of yellow-head specimens with the l~rfht microscope. (a) Low magn~f~cation of g111 tissue (H&E) shoxv~ng densely hasophilic inclusions distinct from the nuclei. Scale har = 15 pm. (b) As in Fig. [a) except at higher magniflcation. Scdlc bar = 6 pm. (c) Toluldine blue stained sections of hepalopancreatic ~nterst~tlal tissue showing densely stalning inclus~ons (arrows) that probably correspond to the densely staining basophilic material seen in the H&E preparations. Scale bar = 15 pm. (cl] As in Fig. (c] except at h ~ g h e r magnification. Scale bar = 6 pm
Source publication
A recently reported disease syndrome of Penaeus monodon in Thailand is called 'yellow-head' or 'hua leung' in Thai. It is usually characterized by light yellow coloration of the dorsal cephalothorax area and generally pale or bleached appearance of affected prawns. The yellow color in the cephalothorax region results from the underlying yellow hepa...
Similar publications
A virus, tentatively identified as reo-like, occurred concurrently with experimentally-induced Baculovirus penaei (BP) infection in cultured white shrimp larvae Penaeus vannamei. Each shrimp with a reo-like viral infection also had a BP infection, but not all BP-infected shrimp had a reo-like infection. Both viruses occurred in the same tissues and...
Citations
... Moreover, DPHV-1 infection is seldom observed alone in epizootics and has occurred in multiple infections with other more pathogenic viruses [32,53] which likely downplays its pathogenicity and economic significance. For example, there have been reports of co-infection of DHPV-1 and Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) in P. vannamei [58,62], DHPV-1 and monodon baculovirus (MBV) 11 in P. monodon [64,65], DHPV-1, MBV, and Yellow head virus (YHV) in P. monodon [66], and DHPV-1, MBV, and White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in P. monodon [32]. ...
Family Parvoviridae consists of small, non-enveloped viruses with linear, single-stranded DNA genomes of approximately 4-6 kilobases, subdivided into 3 subfamilies: Parvovirinae, Densovirinae and Hamaparvovirinae. Parvoviruses of aquatic animals infect crustaceans, mollusks, and finfish. In this review, these parvoviruses, which are highly host-specific and are associated with mass morbidity and mortality in both farmed and wild aquatic animals are described. They include Cherax quadricarinatus densovirus (CqDV) in freshwater crayfish; Sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV) in sunflower sea star on the Northeastern Pacific Coast; Clinch densovirus 1 in freshwater mussels in the Clinch River, Virginia, and Tennessee, USA, in subfamily Densovirinae; Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) and Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) in farmed shrimp worldwide; Syngnathid ichthamaparvovirus 1 in gulf pipefish in the Gulf of Mexico and parts of South America; and Tilapia parvovirus (TiPV) in farmed tilapia in China and Thailand, in the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae. In addition, virus megataxonomy has enabled the inclusion of novel parvoviruses detected in both diseased and healthy animals using metagenomic sequencing for virus discovery, such as the novel zander parvovirus from zander in Hungary, novel salmon parvovirus from sockeye salmon smolts in British Columbia-Canada, and Spawner-isolated mortality virus (SMV) from shrimp broodstock in Australia.
... Both ectodermal and mesodermal tissues can become infected with yellow head virus, which can cause severe necrosis, particularly in the lymphoid organ and gills. Histological sections displaying extensive nuclear pyknosis and heterokaryosis as well as highly basophilic spherical cytoplasmic inclusions are the consequence of this (Chantanachookin et al., 1993). ...
Welcome to "Futuristic Trends in Aquaculture." This book delves into the dynamic and evolving landscape of aquaculture, exploring the innovative trends, technologies, and practices shaping the future of this vital industry. As global demand for food continues to rise, aquaculture emerges as a crucial solution to meet the needs of a growing population while mitigating pressure on wild fish stocks and marine ecosystems. In these pages, readers will embark on a journey through the forefront of aquaculture, where traditional methods converge with cutting-edge advancements in science and sustainability. From precision aquaculture and automated monitoring systems to the utilization of artificial intelligence and the possibilities for enhancing productivity, efficiency, and environmental stewardship are vast. Through insightful contributions from experts across various disciplines, this book illuminates the potential of aquaculture to revolutionize food production, promote economic development etc. By examining emerging trends such as land-based aquaculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), and the utilization of alternative protein sources, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the diverse pathways toward a more resilient and sustainable aquaculture sector. Furthermore, this book explores the intersection of aquaculture with key global challenges, including climate change, food security, and social equity. By embracing innovation and fostering collaboration, the aquaculture industry can play a pivotal role in addressing these pressing issues and shaping a more equitable and prosperous future for all. As we stand on the brink of unprecedented technological advancement and ecological transformation, "Futuristic Trends in Aquaculture" serves as a beacon of insight and inspiration for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and stakeholders alike. Together, let us embark on this journey into the future of aquaculture, where innovation meets sustainability, and where the boundless potential of our oceans and freshwater resources is realized
... YHV is known to target tissues of the ectoderm and mesoderm (De La Vega et al., 2004;Munro and Owens, 2007;WOAH, 2023). While lymphoid organ is determined to be the primary target organ of YHV replication, the presence of YHV has been historically confirmed by bioassay, TCID 50 assay, Monoclonal Antibody, PCR, RT-qPCR, and classical histopathology in shrimp tissues including gill, gut, muscle, heart, nerve cord, hepatopancreas, haematopoietic tissue and haemocytes, connective tissue, eyestalk and gonads, and hence YHV is considered a systemic virus (Chantanachookin et al., 1993;Cowley et al., 2002;Cowley et al., 2001;Lu et al., 1995;Soowannayan et al., 2002). To this body of evidence, we add the supporting results of the present study, which demonstrate non-significant differences in viral loading for both YHV genotypes (2 and 7) across pleopod, gill, lymphoid organ, hepatopancreas, hindgut, ventral nerve cord and abdominal muscle tissue. ...
... The morphology and pathology in GAVD closely resemble that in YHD, hence, diagnostics by gross sign monitoring (Level I) and lymphoid organ tissue examination (Level II) in GAVD-suspected shrimps should be accompanied with more specific molecular and immunological (Level III) analyses (Chantanachookin et al. 1993). Sensitive and specific multiplex RT-PCR detection that can differentiate GAV from YHV-1 was established by Cowley et al. (2004). ...
Shrimp farming accounts for a significant percentage of commercial aquaculture and is an integral part of the continuous growth of the economy, particularly in the Philippines. Shrimp hatcheries and farms contribute to food security and export revenues of the country. Hence, it is essential to review and make an update on the various diseases that may affect shrimp production and the available technologies for diagnosis. This paper reports notable diseases of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic origins that have been known to be present in the Philippines, with an emphasis on diagnostic methods for each disease.
... Este tipo de patógenos ha sido documentado en crustáceos desde hace décadas, iniciando con el reporte de Vago (1966) de infecciones en los cangrejos Portunus depurator (= Liocarcinus depurator (Linnaeus 1758)); desde entonces, cerca de 30 agentes virales han sido descritos en camarones, alguno de ellos de declaración obligatoria ante la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (oie) (Lightner 1996, Pantoja y Lightner 2014b, oie 2019, , con diferentes grados de virulencia. Con el fin de brindar una panorámica general, se citan algunos de los virus de mayor importancia en la camaronicultura, iniciando con virus cuyo genoma está formado por arn, donde se reportan especies virales, como: el virus del Síndrome de Taura (tsv), el virus de la Cabeza Amarilla (yhv), el virus de la Mionecrosis Infecciosa, el nodavirus de Penaeus vannamei y el nodavirus de la Mortalidad Encubierta (cmnv) (Chantanachookin et al. 1993, Hasson et al. 1995, Lightner 1996, Cowley et al. 2012, Pantoja y Lightner 2014b, Zhang et al. 2014, Varela 2016, oie 2019, Varela-Mejías 2020). ...
... Estos virus de arn tienen algunas características histológicas comunes, por ejemplo, las inclusiones se presentan como estructuras intracitoplasmáticas, por lo general basofílicas, aunque algunos generan inclusiones eosinofílicas y, en muchos casos, las células afectadas sufren picnosis y cariorexis. Además, muchos de estos virus provocan la respuesta del hospedador, originando hiperplasias nodulares, conocidas como esferoides (Chantanachookin et al. 1993, Lightner 1996, Varela-Mejías y Cuéllar-Anjel 2020. Existen pocas excepciones, como el Solinvivirus de Penaeus vannamei, que, pese a ser un virus de rna, se acumula en el núcleo celular . ...
Considerando el riesgo de eventos patológicos en los cultivos de camarones marinos, se han desarrollado diferentes modalidades de análisis sanitario. Con el fin de explicar uno de estos métodos, se presenta a continuación una revisión no exhaustiva sobre la aplicación de técnicas histológicas, utilizadas en el estudio y el diagnóstico de las patologías mediante el reconocimiento de los daños tisulares. Se exponen las
principales etapas llevadas a cabo en la preparación y el montaje de los tejidos, así como algunos tipos de tinciones utilizadas, sus características y la metodología de abordaje en la interpretación de las observaciones microscópicas. Del mismo modo, se presentan algunas de las principales características histológicas diferenciales entre los patógenos, organizadas en grupos genéricos, como virus, bacterias, hongos y
parásitos, con el fin de facilitar la detección y la identificación primaria de los posibles agentes infecciosos presentes. Finalmente, se discute acerca de los alcances, las ventajas y las limitantes de esta técnica, incluidas recomendaciones sobre como este análisis puede ser combinado con otros, de ser necesario, y con la finalidad de incrementar su sensibilidad o su especificidad. Palabras clave: histología, camarones, lesiones, diagnóstico, patógenos.
... 53 The most notable genotype of YHV is yellow head virus genotype 1 (YHV-1), the only genotype notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH, previously OIE), which forms enveloped, rodshaped virions and is the causative agent of yellow head disease (YHD) that has resulted in mass mortalities of cultured penaeid shrimp. 54 YHV genotype 2 (YHV-2), more commonly known as Gillassociated virus (GAV), is also associated with mortalities caused by gill-associated virus disease. Genotypes three to seven (YHV-3 to YHV-7) commonly occur in healthy P. monodon and are rarely or never associated with disease or mortality. ...
The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a major focus of aquaculture in tropical and sub‐tropical regions around the globe. Over the last 30 years, culture of M. rosenbergii has increased exponentially as demand has risen both for domestic consumption and for international export trade. As with many aquaculture species increases in production have been accompanied by the emergence of diseases affecting yield, profit and trading potential. Disease‐causing agents include pathogens infecting other crustaceans, such as Decapod Iridescent Virus (DIV1), as well as pathogens only known from M. rosenbergii such as White Tail Disease caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV). Here, we review the pathogenic agents associated with the culture of M. rosenbergii since commercial culture began in earnest during the 1970s. Particular emphasis is given to pathogens first identified in other aquaculture host species, but which have subsequently been shown to infect and cause disease in M. rosenbergii. As polyculture of M. rosenbergii with other aquaculture species is common practice, including culture with other decapods, crabs and fish, increased pathogen transfer among these farmed species may occur as M. rosenbergii aquaculture increases in the future.
... While our previous work has demonstrated that the particles migrate systemically [39] in other animal models, the mechanism(s) by which the nanoparticles trafficked to the gills remains to be determined. It is important to note that gills are one of the target organs for several viral pathogens such as Taura syndrome virus (TVS), yellowhead virus (YHV) and WSSV [4,41]. Thus, the presence of nanoparticles in gills potentially contributes to protection against diseases caused by these viruses. ...
In the last 15 years, crustacean fisheries have experienced billions of dollars in economic losses, primarily due to viral diseases caused by such pathogens as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Asian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. To date, no effective measures are available to prevent or control disease outbreaks in these animals, despite their economic importance. Recently, double-stranded RNA-based vaccines have been shown to provide specific and robust protection against WSSV infection in cultured shrimp. However, the limited stability of double-stranded RNA is the most significant hurdle for the field application of these vaccines with respect to delivery within an aquatic system. Polyanhydride nanoparticles have been successfully used for the encapsulation and release of vaccine antigens. We have developed a double-stranded RNA-based nanovaccine for use in shrimp disease control with emphasis on the Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. Nanoparticles based on copolymers of sebacic acid, 1,6-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)hexane, and 1,8-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)-3,6-dioxaoctane exhibited excellent safety profiles, as measured by shrimp survival and histological evaluation. Furthermore, the nanoparticles localized to tissue target replication sites for WSSV and persisted through 28 days postadministration. Finally, the nanovaccine provided ~80% protection in a lethal WSSV challenge model. This study demonstrates the exciting potential of a safe, effective, and field-applicable RNA nanovaccine that can be rationally designed against infectious diseases affecting aquaculture.
... Yellow head virus (YHV) and Gill-associated virus (GAV) form the yellow head complex and are classified by the ICTV as a single species (Cowley et al. 2012;OIE 2009a). Yellow head disease was initially reported in P. monodon from central Thailand in 1990 from which the pathogen rapidly spread along the eastern and western coasts of the Gulf of Thailand to southern farming regions (Chantanachookin et al. 1993;Walker and Sittidilokratna 2008). Both YHV and GAV are reported to be pathogenic to shrimp, however, disease by GAV is less severe than disease caused by YHV (Walker and Sittidilokratna 2008). ...
... However, YHV and GAV are considered endemic in P. monodon populations across its natural geographic range (Walker and Sittidilokratna 2008). The disease is usually characterised by a pale to yellowish colouration of the cephalothorax (from where the disease gets its name) and gills due to the underlying yellow hepatopancreas that is observed through the translucent carapace of the prawn and also a generally pale or bleached appearance of the organism (Chantanachookin et al. 1993;Cowley et al. 1999). Shrimp are susceptible to YHV infection from late post-larval stages but mortality in ponds usually occurs in early-to-late stages (Walker and Sittidilokratna 2008). ...
... YHV and GAV infect tissue of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. Histologically, in severe infections, generalised cell degeneration with prominent nuclear condensation pyknosis and karyorrhexis, and basophilic perinuclear cytoplasmic inclusions in affected tissues are observed (Figure 14.3c,d); (Chantanachookin et al. 1993;Walker and Sittidilokratna 2008). The infection by YHV and GAV can be experimentally propagated horizontally by injection, ingestion, immersion, and cohabitation. ...
Farming of crustaceans especially shrimp, crabs and crayfish have expanded significantly over the past four decades. The aquaculture production of crustaceans is now a multimillion-dollar industry providing jobs to millions of people around the world especially in countries with large coastal boundaries in Asia and Latin America. Crustacean farming is largely dominated by penaeid shrimp aquaculture. The emergence of infectious diseases especially diseases of viral origin has been a threat to this nascent industry. Many viruses that affect penaeid shrimp have been relatively well characterised due to their economic importance. These include viruses with single-stranded DNA containing genomes such as Infectious Hypodermal, and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, and Hepatopancreatic Parvovirus (family: Parvoviridae), double stranded DNA viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (family: Nimaviridae), Penaeus monodon nudivirus (Family: Nudiviridae), Decapod iridescent virus 1 (family: Iridoviridae), and Baculovirus penaei (tentatively classified in the family: Baculoviridae), single-stranded RNA viruses such as Taura syndrome virus (family: Dicistroviridae), yellow head, and Gill-associated viruses (family: Roniviridae), and Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus (family: Nodaviridae), and double-stranded RNA virus such as infectious myonecrosis virus (Totiviridae-like). White spot syndrome virus is of major concern as the virus has a wide host range and poses a threat to wild and farmed populations of decapod crustacean species, with multiple species showing differing levels of susceptibility. Viral infections have been reported in wild crustacean species including those which are commercially exploited. However, in comparison to cultured species relatively little is known about the effects of viruses in wild crustaceans.
... there is a paucity of information available on the diseases of sergestid shrimps. Chantanachookin et al. (1993) found that extracts of Acetes sp. obtained from penaeid shrimp culture ponds in Thailand were able to transmit yellowhead disease caused by yellowhead virus genotype 1 (YHV1), suggesting that Acetes sp. may act as carriers of YHV1. ...
... However, it was not clear in this case whether the virus caused disease in Acetes sp. (see Chantanachookin et al., 1993). In contrast, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly pathogenic virus which infects many decapod crustaceans (Bateman and Stentiford, 2017), including the genus Acetes. ...
Wild Acetes sibogae australis from northern Moreton Bay, Australia displaying opacity of the hepatopancreas were sampled and examined histologically, revealing infection by multinucleate plasmodia of a haplosporidian-like parasite in the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. A morphological and phylogenetic investigation identified the parasite as a novel species of the order Haplosporida, and the parasite is described as Haplosporidium acetes n. sp. This is the first report of disease caused by a haplosporidian in wild Australian decapod crustaceans, and the first record of haplosporidiosis in sergestid shrimp. Infections of H. acetes were observed in all cell types (R, B, F and E) within the hepatopancreas. Infected epithelial cells became hypertrophied as they filled with haplosporidian parasites and, in heavy infections, caused almost complete displacement of normal hepatopancreas tissue. Although sporulation was not observed, infected jelly prawns appeared terminally diseased. Infections became grossly evident in around 5% of wild prawns during early autumn at a time of year when jelly prawn populations decline rapidly with decreasing water temperatures, however histopathology indicated at least 13% of apparently normal jelly prawns were also infected. Further studies are required in order to determine if this parasite influences jelly prawn population dynamics. In addition, we report co-infection of a novel microsporidian parasite in the Enterocytozoon Group Microsporidia (EGM) infecting nuclei of hepatopancreatic epithelial cells. The microsporidian was phylogenetically distinct from Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) known to infect penaeid shrimp in Asia.
... Currently, this family includes the genus Okavirus, of which three species have been classified: Gill-associated virus (GAV, previously known as yellow head virus genotype 2), Yellow head virus (YHV, previously known as yellow head virus genotype 1), and Okavirus 1 (OKV1, previously known as yellow head virus genotype 8) [1][2][3]. Particles in Roniviridae are enveloped and rod-shaped (150-200 nm in length, 40-60 nm in diameter) with spike glycoproteins on the surface [4][5][6]. These virions contain a positive-sense single-stranded RNA of 26-27 kb with a 5 -end cap (7-methylguanosine triphosphate) and a polyadenylated 3 -end tail [1,7]. ...
In a meta-transcriptome study of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii sampled in 2018 from a hatchery, we identified a variant of Macrobrachium rosenbergii golda virus (MrGV) in postlarvae without clinical signs. The virus belongs to the family Roniviridae, and the genome of this MrGV variant, Mr-18, consisted of 28,957 nucleotides, including 4 open reading frames (ORFs): (1) ORF1a, encoding a 3C-like protein (3CLP) (4933 aa); (2) ORF1b, encoding a replicase polyprotein (2877 aa); (3) ORF2, encoding a hypothetical nucleocapsid protein (125 aa); and (4) ORF3, encoding a glycoprotein (1503 aa). ORF1a overlaps with ORF1b with 40 nucleotides, where a −1 ribosomal frameshift with slippage sequence 5′-G14925GGUUUU14931-3′ produces the pp1ab polyprotein. The genomic sequence of Mr-18 shared 97.80% identity with MrGV LH1-2018 discovered in Bangladesh. The amino acid sequence identities between them were 99.30% (ORF1a), 99.60% (ORF1b), 100.00% (ORF2), and 99.80% (ORF3), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) proteins revealed that they clustered together and formed a separate cluster from the genus Okavirus. The finding of MrGV in China warrants further studies to determine its pathogenicity and prevalence within the region.
