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Peak aerobic responses of the 1997 U.S. Freestyle Wrestling World Team using continuous treadmill or cycle ergometer protocols; values are mean SD.
Source publication
The U.S. Freestyle Wrestling Team was evaluated while in preparation for the 1997 World Championships. Athletes were tested on 6 physiological parameters: upper-body muscular power and endurance (5.6-m rope climb, RC, and 5-stage modified Wingate); body composition (BF%, skinfold measures); lower-body muscular power (vertical jump, VJ); upper-body...
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Citations
... Anaerobic power in wrestling is related to the ability of the athlete to attack and resist the attacks of his opponent. Athletes who do not have a high degree of lower body muscle strength or explosiveness may need to adjust their wrestling style to compensate (Callan, 2000). A good sports performance occurs when the athlete uses the complex structure of the body effectively against the conditions he will encounter during the competition. ...
... L·min−1 in males and 5.0−5.5 L·min−1 in females and for relative VO2max in cyclists, runners, and cross-country skiers up to ~90 mL·kg−1·min−1 in males and ~80 mL·kg−1·min−1 in females (Haugen, Paulsen, Seiler, & Sandbakk, 2018), which is quite higher than the values of VO2max obtained for the endurance group in the present study. The mean value of vO-2max for the wrestlers in this study was found to be higher than the results obtained for the U.S. Freestyle Wrestling team (41.2 ml/kg/min) evaluated using a cycle ergometer (Callan et al., 2000) and lower than the values of VO2max (51.9 ± 4.3, n=15) obtained in elite Chilean wrestlers (Venegas-Cárdenas et al., 2019). In a study conducted in Malaysia, the mean value of VO2max obtained in archers (n=12) was 45.1 ± 3.3 ml/kg/ min by MSFT (Multi Stage Fitness Test) (Lau, Ghafar, Hashim, & Zulkifli, 2020) which is found to be higher than the value of VO2 max obtained for male elite archers in this study. ...
The aim of this study was to categorize various physical, physiological, and psychological variables that discriminated among Indian elite male athletes participating in endurance sports (Group A, n=34, age=16.88±2.44 years), combat sports (Group B, n=35, age=17.40±1.37 years) and skill sports (Group C, n=34, age= 8.91±2.24 years) and non-athletic control group (Group D, N=33, years=18.48±2.03 years). Physical parameters included height, body weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass, muscle content, and total water content. Physiological parameters included heart rate variability and maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) measured using the Astrand protocol. Various psychological parameters were evaluated using Big Five Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires. Discriminant analysis revealed three significant functions (P<0.05) contributing 65.7%, 25.8%, and 8.5% respectively to the model. After cross-validation, the resulting equation correctly classified 72.8% of endurance, combat, skill athletes, and control group. Total thirteen variables significantly (P<0.05) contributed to the discriminant analysis. The interpretation of the acquired discriminant functions was also based on the examination of the structure coefficients greater than 0.30. The athletes and control were discriminated mainly on VO2 max (structure coefficient, SC=0.741) in Function 1, body weight (SC=0.424), Lean body mass (SC=0.430), and muscle content (SC=0.574). This model substantiates the fact that elite male athletes show physical and physiological differences because of the different training regimens in their respective sports that conditioned them differently. In conclusion, these discriminant models could help in athlete’s induction, talent identification process and improving training programs.
... Given the technical characteristics of wrestling, strength and power are required for both upper and lower body limbs; the lower limbs are more associated with power actions [1,3]. Wrestling com-petitions are comprised of more than one match, with 2 periods of 3 minutes each, and a 30-second break in-between, on a single day or more days, which is highly taxing for wrestlers, thus resulting in accumulated fatigue [4,5]. ...
... For assessing lower limb neuromuscular power performance in wrestling athletes, the most commonly used protocol is the countermovement jump (CMJ) test; the jump height values range from approximately 45 up to 60 cm for senior athletes and from 30 to 60 cm for junior athletes [2]. As mentioned earlier, a great level of leg power performance is required to succeed in wrestling [1,4]. In detail, a study conducted in 107 elite Greco-Roman and freestyle athletes (17-20 years old) revealed that freestyle wrestlers seemed to have greater jump performance than their Greco-Roman peers [6]. ...
Purpose. The aim of this study was 2-fold: (1) to analyse the variations of countermovement jump (CMJ) performance over
the different periods of the season (early-, mid-, and end-season) and (2) to analyse the correlations between CMJ performance
and wellness variables over season periods.
Methods. Overall, 10 elite young male freestyle wrestlers (aged 16.0 ± 0.7 years) participated in this study during the 32
weeks of the season. Neuromuscular performance was analysed via a CMJ protocol and well-being variables were monitored
by using the Hooper index questionnaire. Repeated measures analysis of variance with eventual Bonferroni post-hoc test
was applied to investigate the differences between season periods within weeks.
Results. There were no significant changes of neuromuscular performance throughout the season, which suggests the
absence of neuromuscular fatigue. No relationships were found between CMJ performance and any single well-being variable.
In turn, a small association was observed between weekly Hooper index and neuromuscular status early in the season
(correlation coefficient: 0.20, p = 0.044).
Conclusions. Using the sum of all well-being variables instead of the single variables may be better to track possible neuromuscular
status variations in wrestling athletes, particularly early in the season.
... FS wrestling has its greatest origins in catch-as-catch-can wrestling and the prime victory condition in these styles involves the wrestler winning by throw and pinning his opponent on the mat [4]. In wrestling, performing several functional movements is determined by meaningful muscular strength, flexibility, neuromuscular coordination, and static and dynamic balance [2,5]. Proper upper and lower body muscular ability and functions are key to obtaining optimal results in wrestling competitions [6]. ...
... In many wrestling clubs, coaches use a certain set of training programs for GR and FS wrestlers' preparation, despite the fact that they require different physical fitness factors. These differences have largely been neglected in previous studies [5][6][7][8], but they are very critical for making changes in training programs and contribute to developing athletic performance in two wrestling styles. Identifying 494.e2 ...
Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare proprioception and dynamic balancebetween freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers.
Equipment and methods
In this study, 42 national level wrestlers (freestyle [FS], n = 21 and Greco-Roman [GR], n = 21) volunteered to participate and performed a battery of tests including: Y balance-test and upper quarter YBT to measure lower and upper-extremity balance performance, an electrogoniometer to measure proprioception and range of motion, and dynamometer to measure sense of force and muscles strength in wrestlers.
Results
No significant differences were observed in YBT (P = 0.37), ankle plantar flexor strength (P = 0.44), range of motion in ankle plantar flexion (P = 0.42) and shoulder flexion (P = 0.75) between the GR and FS wrestlers. There were significant differences in YBT-UQ (P = 0.001), shoulder flexor strength (P = 0.002), error sense of force in ankle plantar flexors (P = 0.001) and shoulder flexors (P = 0.037), error joint reposition in ankle plantar flexion (P = 0.001) and shoulder flexion (P = 0.001) between the GR and FS wrestlers. It seems that a difference in the nature of exercises and competitions in FS and GR wrestlers needed different adaptations in muscular and neuromuscular performance.
... Wrestling match consists of a series of dynamic movements of the legs, hips and back and also involves isometric grasping for position maintenance. Also, lower body strength is important for freestyle wrestling [72]. According to McGuigan et al. [64], isometric testing provides good indication of an athletes dynamics performance during 1RM testing. ...
Background and Study Aim: Success in wrestling depends on many different factors, but strength could be considered as the most important one. Different strength indicators are closely related to high-level wrestling performance. The aim of this review is to generalize the recommendations of the authors of works dedicated to the analysis of muscle strength in wrestlers, regardless of style (Greco-Roman and freestyle) and knowledge of the most commonly used tests to assess the various manifestations of this motor ability. The search and the analysis of the studies were done in accordance to PRISMA guidelines. A literature search of 3 databases (Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct) was conducted. The identified studies had to meet the following criteria: year of publication (2010-2021), published in English, wrestlers as sample of participants, who do not suffer from acute and chronic injuries. A total of 24 papers were included to analyses, with a total of 1254 participants, both genders. Greco-Roman style participants were 530, while freestylers were 529. Hand grip strength conducted 18 studies, explosive power of legs 12 studies, basic motor tests 8 studies, 1RM squat and bench 4 studies, isokinetic strength conducted 4 studies and isometric strength only once. The most commonly used test to assess different types of strength in wrestlers are handgrip strength, isometric and isokinetic strength, 1RM bench and squat, explosive strength of legs tests and basic motor tests. The authors cannot with certainty determine an optimal wrestlers profile, but this review can serve as an framework for eventual practical preparation for the demands of competition.
... In addition, this research could promote %BF ratings for assertive nutritional behaviors since previous evidence points to poor nutritional quality among BJJ athletes . Athletes from other grappling combat sports, such as judo and wrestling, present a low %BF (Callan et al., 2000;Franchini et al., 2011;Horswill, 1992). In judo, Franchini et al. (2011) indicate that high-level athletes present < 10 %BF (between 7-13.7 %), implying that athletes of higher competitive level exhibit lower %BF when compared to athletes of lower competitive level. ...
Previous evidence indicates that body fat can distinguish Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to the competitive level. However, propositions of cut-off points for establishing classifications of body fat percentage for combat sports athletes and, specifically, for BJJ athletes are still incipient in the literature. In this sense, the main aim of the present study was to establish a normative table for the classification of body fat percentage in BJJ athletes. As a secondary aim, athletes were compared according to competitive level. Ninety male BJJ athletes (aged: 29.0 ± 8.2 years; practice time: 6.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.1 ± 12.7 kg; height: 175.9 ± 6.5 cm; fat mass: 16.0 ± 8.9 kg; bone mineral content: 3.7 ± 0.6 kg; muscle mass: 37.9 ± 5.4 kg; body fat percentage: 17.3 ± 6.8%; basal metabolic rate: 1811.4 ± 193.4 kcal) from different competitive levels: state (n= 42), national (n= 26) and international (n= 22) took part in this study. All athletes had their body composition measured via tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance. Percentiles p10, p25, p50, p75, and p90 were used to establish the classification. As a result, the following classification was obtained: <7.7% (very low); ≥7.7–11.5% (low); 11.6–17.0% (medium); 17.1–24.0% (high) and ≥24.1% (very high). State-level athletes had a higher fat percentage than national and international-level athletes (p<0.05). The proposed cut-off points can help professionals responsible for sports training and nutritional prescription in monitoring the body fat of BJJ athletes.
Keywords: Martial arts; Sports performance; Combat sports; Body composition.
... High-intensity repetitive bouts actions (e.g. attacks and counterattacks) interspersed by low-intensity activities, interruptions, and pauses require both the aerobic and anaerobic coverage [Callan et al. 2000;Yoon 2002;Karnicic et al. 2009]. The importance of aerobic system is to maintain the recovery process during and between bouts [Callan et al. 2000; Gierczuk et al. 2012;Chaabene et al. 2017]. ...
... attacks and counterattacks) interspersed by low-intensity activities, interruptions, and pauses require both the aerobic and anaerobic coverage [Callan et al. 2000;Yoon 2002;Karnicic et al. 2009]. The importance of aerobic system is to maintain the recovery process during and between bouts [Callan et al. 2000; Gierczuk et al. 2012;Chaabene et al. 2017]. Previous research of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) has shown that level of elite senior male wrestlers VO 2max values ranged from 54 to 63 kg/ml/min [Callan et al. 2000;Yoon 2002]. ...
... The importance of aerobic system is to maintain the recovery process during and between bouts [Callan et al. 2000; Gierczuk et al. 2012;Chaabene et al. 2017]. Previous research of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) has shown that level of elite senior male wrestlers VO 2max values ranged from 54 to 63 kg/ml/min [Callan et al. 2000;Yoon 2002]. Similar values were observed in other combat sports: karate [Chaabene et al. 2012], taekwondo [Bridge et al. 2014], judo ], amateur boxing ]. ...
Background. There is limited knowledge of the time-motion structure of bouts in Freestyle wrestling. Problem and aim. The main goal of this study was to determine the effort and pause ratios in Freestyle wrestling. Methods. 297 bouts from the Freestyle wrestling World Championships 2018 were analyzed. Bouts were divided into three weight classes (lightweight, middleweight, heavyweight. For the time-motion analysis, Kinovea software was used. Results. The effort:pause ratio was determined at 2.4:1. The number of work periods per bout was 8. Most of the bout time was spent in a standing position during the preparation phase. The heavyweight wrestlers spent statistically significant less time in the standing position during the execution time compared to light-and middleweights. The effort and pause ratio for lightweights, middleweights, and heavyweights were determined at 2.2:1, 2.4:1, and 2.5:1, respectively. Conclusions. The results of our study can be used to prescribe physical training. Future time-motion analyses are needed.
... Values observed in this investigation are intermediate when compared to the expected range from BJJ athletes, which may vary from 42.7 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min [37] to 50.6 ± 4.6 mL/kg/min [14]. However, BJJ athletes seem to have lower lower-body aerobic fitness than other grapplers, as judokas, that ranged from 47.3 ± 10.9 mL/kg/min [38] [41]. Differences may be related to time-motion and technical-tactical particularities of each combat sport, which likely induce different physiological demands and contributions of each physical fitness component [7]. ...
Objective
To investigate the aerobic and anaerobic performance of lower- and upper-body of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes.
Methods
Twelve male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes (26.3 ± 6.6-years-old, 80.8 ± 15.7 kg) were assessed for lower- and upper-body aerobic and anaerobic fitness, body composition, squat jump, countermovement jump, and a plyometric push-up.
Results
Higher values of aerobic fitness were obtained in the lower-body (treadmill: 45.6 ± 8.4 mL/kg/min) compared to the upper-body (arm cycloergometer: 36.6 ± 6.1 mL/kg/min) protocols in maximal graded exercise tests (GXT) (P = 0.002). In Wingate tests, athletes reached 11.9 ± 1.4 W/kg for peak power and 8.4 ± 1.0 W/kg for mean power in the lower-body, and 10.5 ± 1.0 W/kg for peak power and 6.9 ± 1.3 W/kg for mean power in the upper-body. Athletes performed 37.8 ± 7.4 cm in squat jump, 41.5 ± 10.0 cm in countermovement jump, and 15.7 ± 1.9 cm in the plyometric push-up test. No significant correlations between absolute or relative measures of body composition (body fat mass and musculoskeletal mass) with aerobic (lower- and upper-body GXT) or anaerobic (lower- and upper-body Wingate and muscle power) performances were observed (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
This study is new in describing upper-body aerobic and anaerobic performance in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. In regards to aerobic and anaerobic performance of lower-body, results were similar to previous studies with Brazilian jiu-jitsu or other grappling combat sports athletes.
... In order to reveal the maximal muscle strength, the muscular components must be of optimal length. Decreased hamstring length and low flexibility in elite wrestlers are frequently observed (Callan et al., 2000). Decreased hamstring muscle length causes several musculoskeletal problems such as low back pain (Tafazzoli and Lamontagne, 1996), sacroiliac joint dysfunction (Arab et al., 2009), hamstring injuries (Heiderscheit et al., 2010), patellofemoral pain syndrome (Petersen et al., 2014), patellar tendinopathy ( Van der Worp et al., 2011), and plantar fasciitis (Bahr and Holme, 2003). ...
... Hamstring muscle injury is the most common sports injury, and the number of studies on this topic has increased considerably in recent years (Al Attar et al., 2017;Nishida et al., 2018;Volpi and Bisciotti, 2016) and decreased hamstring length and low flexibility are frequently observed in elite wrestlers (Callan et al., 2000) it is important to find a method to increase hamstring flexibility in wrestlers. Studies are available concerning neural sliding and neural stretching exercises enhancing hamstring flexibility (Ahmed and Samhan, 2016;Castellote-Caballero et al., 2013;Castellote-Caballero et al., 2014;Pagare et al., 2014;Park et al., 2014;Singh et al., 2017). ...
... Optimal flexibility for a wrestling sport is a necessary parameter to demonstrate the relevant techniques better (Basar et al., 2014). Therefore, this study focused on wrestlers, as hamstring muscle shortness has been reported in wrestlers in the literature (Callan et al., 2000). It has been emphasized in the literature that there is little neural activity in individuals with hamstring shortness (Kujala et al., 1997). ...
This study aimed to compare the short-term effects of sciatic nerve neural sliding and neural stretching exercises on hamstring muscle length and functional flexibility in wrestlers. The study participants included 74 wrestlers. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups: neural sliding and neural stretching groups. The hamstring flexibility and the functional flexibility were assessed using the active knee extension limitation (AKEL) angle and the sit and reach (SR) test one day before and immediately after the neural mobilization exercises, respectively. A three-way repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted that examined the effect of mobilization type, time, and gender on interest in AKEL right leg, AKEL left leg, and SR test. There is not a significant difference between the effect of two different mobilizations on AKEL right and left leg, and SR test (P> 0.05). It was determined there is statistically significant differences between premobilization and post-mobilization outcome measures for AKEL right leg (F= 59.886, P= 0.001), AKEL left leg (F= 31.896, P= 0.001), and SR test (F= 22.630, P= 0.001). There is not a statistically significant difference between males and females by these three measures neural sliding and neural stretching exercises to the sciatic nerve in wrestlers were effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and functional flexibility and not superior to each other.
... The national male freestyle team of United States in 1997 had an average of 60 cm (Utter et al., 2002). Unpublished data from the US Olympic Committee (Callan et al., 2000) showed that male wrestlers of Greco-Roman team had an average counter-movement vertical jumps of 62 cm. Data provided by Podlivaev for Russian athletes ranged 56.70 cm to 66.10 cm (https://simplifaster.com/articles). ...
In this study is proposing to compare lipid and lipoprotein values in faculty of sport sciences students in order to investigate cardiovascular disease risks. The research included sports-educated college students. They were 20 wrestlers, 25 judo athletes and 30 soccer players. Comparison of age and height were used in the research and, to identify the differences among groups, one-way Anova and Scheffe tests were performed. In this study, vertical jumping value was not found statistically significant among the groups (p> 0.05). In this study, aerobic and anaerobic power of the educated wrestlers and judo athletes were found to be different than the soccer players (p <0.05). In our study, wrestlers and judo athletes’ values are clearly higher than the values soccer players group in terms of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) amounts (p<0.01). In our study, wrestlers and judo athletes’ values are found to be significantly lower than the values soccer players in terms of high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) amounts (p<0.01). The ratio TC / HDL-C and LDL-C / HDL-C of educated judo athletes and wrestlers is higher than soccer players (p<0.05). Conclusion: Faculty of sport sciences students who wrestlers, judo athletes and soccer players were found to be different in blood fat values. This difference in bloods fat are thought to be due to their training. Healthy risk factors for cardiovascular diseases of all three branch athletes were found to be low. Wrestler and Judo players were recommended to include more aerobic activities in their trainings.
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