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Pathological features of distinct World Health Organization graded choroid plexus tumors. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue sections (3 µm) from choroid plexus tumors representing distinct World Health Organization grades. (A) Choroid plexus papilloma, (B) atypical choroid plexus papilloma and (C) choroid plexus carcinoma (magnification, x40).
Source publication
The World Health Organization classification of choroid plexus tumors (CPT) includes three distinct grades: Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP), atypical choroid plexus papilloma (ACPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). The molecular basis for these pathological distinctions may help to stratify tumors and provide an insight into the clinical behavior...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... features. Clinical characteristics of patients are presented in Table I. A total of 34 patients (21 males and 13 females) were included in the present study and the mean age was 31.1 years (range, 1-63 years). All patients underwent surgical resection and all tumor grades were included in the cohort [CPP (n=25), ACPP (n=5) and CPC (n=4)]. Atypical morphology was observed only in high-grade CPTs (Fig. 1). Tumor location was determined on the basis of radiographic studies and surgical results, and was distributed as follows: Lateral ventricle (n=14), third ventricle (n=1), fourth ventricle (n=5) and cerebellopontine angle (n=4). Notably, no association was identified between tumor grade and age or any other clinicopathological factor ...
Context 2
... presented in Table I. A total of 34 patients (21 males and 13 females) were included in the present study and the mean age was 31.1 years (range, 1-63 years). All patients underwent surgical resection and all tumor grades were included in the cohort [CPP (n=25), ACPP (n=5) and CPC (n=4)]. Atypical morphology was observed only in high-grade CPTs (Fig. 1). Tumor location was determined on the basis of radiographic studies and surgical results, and was distributed as follows: Lateral ventricle (n=14), third ventricle (n=1), fourth ventricle (n=5) and cerebellopontine angle (n=4). Notably, no association was identified between tumor grade and age or any other clinicopathological factor ...
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Introduction
The object of this review is to describe the choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) occurring in the fetus and neonate with regard to clinical presentation, location, pathology, treatment, and outcome.
Materials and methods
Case histories and clinical outcomes were reviewed from 93 cases of fetal and neonatal tumors obtained from the literature...
Background: Choroid plexus tumors are rare intraventricular tumors. Most of these tumors are benign choroid plexus papillomas. Most common location of these tumors in pediatric population is lateral ventricle although posterior fossa located tumors are also reported. Tumors located within luschka foramen extending to cerebellopontine angle are extr...
Alterations of the retinoblastoma and/or the p53 signaling network are associated with specific cancers such as high-grade astrocytoma/glioblastoma, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), choroid plexus tumors, and small-cell pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (SC-PaNEC). However, the intricate functional redundancy between RB1 and the related pocket prot...
PurposeChoroid plexus tumors comprise of choroid plexus papilloma (CPP, WHO grade I), atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP, WHO grade II) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC, WHO grade III). Molecular events driving the majority of choroid plexus tumors remain poorly understood. Recently, DNA methylation profiling has revealed different epigenetic...
Background:
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is an uncommon World Health Organization grade II neuroepithelial intraventricular tumor that can occur in both children and adults. These tumors are usually identified in the fourth ventricle in adults and the lateral ventricles in children. They are rarely found in the spinal cord (synchronous...
Citations
... GFAP expression is variable among different subtypes, and CPC shows higher GFAP expression than CPP and is associated with tumor recurrence [18]. Increased expression of NG2 and SOX2 is associated with higher-grade tumors, and these markers may be useful for determining CPT grade [22]. S-100 protein is present in most choroid plexus papillomas, though less frequently in choroid plexus carcinomas. ...
Objective
Atypical choroid plexus papilloma (aCPP) is a newly introduced subtype of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 and is characterized by intermediate characteristics between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). Currently, the available data describing the clinical features of aCPP in children are limited.
Methods
We performed a retrospective review of 24 pediatric patients with CPTs in our institute and focused on the clinical, radiological and histopathological features of 9 patients with aCPP.
Results
The median age of aCPP patients was 12 (3−144) months, which was younger than the age of CPP patients (36 (5−132) months, P < 0.05). Of the 9 aCPPs, there were 4 cases of giant masses in the cerebral hemisphere, which was significantly higher than that in CPPs (44.4 % vs 0.0 %, P < 0.05). According to MRI analysis, cysts and necrosis (66.7 % vs 16.7 %, P < 0.05), peritumoral edema (55.6 % vs 8.3 %, P < 0.05) and blurred borders (55.6 % vs 8.3 %, P < 0.05) were more common in aCPPs than in CPPs. T1WI isointense signals were mainly observed in aCPPs and CPPs (aCPP66.7 % vs CPP58.3 %, P >0.05), while T2WI slightly low signals were more common in CPPs (CPP41.7 % vs aCPP0%, P < 0.05); moreover, the tumor volume of aCPPs was significantly larger than that of CPPs (aCPP78.3 cm3 vs 8.4 cm3, P < 0.05). For the DWI sequence scans, isointense signals were more common in aCPPs (aCPP77.8 %>CPP25.0 %, P < 0.05), while slightly low signals were more common in CPPs (CPP58.3 %>aCPP0%, P < 0.05). Both aCPPs and CPPs mainly showed homogeneously strong enhancement (aCPP66.7 % vs CPP91.7 %, P > 0.05). Interestingly, 1 aCPP showed annular enhancement. For the pathological and immunohistochemical studies, the Ki67 proliferation index was significantly higher in aCPPs than in CPPs (13 % vs 6%, P < 0.05), and the S-100(+)/Vim(+)/Syn(+) positive rate was higher in aCPPs (58.3 % vs 11.1 %, P < 0.05).
Conclusions
aCPP shows some distinctive clinical features compared with CPP, such as younger age, larger tumor size, more frequent necrosis and peritumoral edema, blurred borders, slightly low signals on T2WI and isointense signals on DWI, and a higher S-100(+)/Vim(+)/Syn(+) positive rate, which may provide more valuable evidence for differential diagnosis and clinical decisions surrounding aCPP.
... Pericytes have been a key target in AD research due to their ability to traffic amyloid beta deposits in the brain back into the bloodstream for removal by other organs, making their dysfunction likely to result in AD-like brain pathology [34][35][36][37][38][39]. Recently, high numbers of cells expressing NG2, a commonly used pericyte marker, have been seen within high-grade choroid plexus tumors suggesting a potential role for pericytes in cancer [40]. Pericytes have also been suggested to be involved with the cerebrovascular rearrangement seen in seizure patients [41]. ...
Background:
Impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been associated with cognitive decline in many CNS diseases, including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Recent research suggests an important role for the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the maintenance of BBB integrity under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Methods:
In the present study, we sought to examine the expression of Shh and its downstream effectors in relation to brain pericytes and BBB integrity in HIV-infected humans and rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), an animal model of HIV infection and CNS disease. Cortical brain tissues from uninfected (n = 4) and SIV-infected macaques with (SIVE, n = 6) or without encephalitis (SIVnoE, n = 4) were examined using multi-label, semi-quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy of Shh, netrin-1, tight junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD163, platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRB), glucose transporter 1, fibrinogen, and SIV Gag p28.
Results:
While Shh presence in the brain persisted during HIV/SIV infection, both netrin-1 immunoreactivity and the size of PDGFRB+ pericytes, a cellular source of netrin-1, were increased around non-lesion-associated vessels in encephalitis compared to uninfected brain or brain without encephalitis, but were completely absent in encephalitic lesions. Hypertrophied pericytes were strongly localized in areas of fibrinogen extravasation and showed the presence of intracellular SIVp28 and HIVp24 by immunofluorescence in all SIV and HIV encephalitis cases examined, respectively.
Conclusions:
The lack of pericytes and netrin-1 in encephalitic lesions, in line with downregulation of ZO1 on the fenestrated endothelium, suggests that pericyte loss, despite the strong presence of Shh, contributes to HIV/SIV-induced BBB disruption and neuropathogenesis in HAND.
