Figure - available from: Child Psychiatry & Human Development
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Path model predicting toddlers’ ADHD and ODD symptoms by temperamental dimensions, with standardized loadings and significance. The line linking ADHD and ODD reflects the correlation between both variables. ***p ≤ 0.001; **p ≤ 0.01; *p ≤ 0.05
Source publication
The aim of this work was to study the relationship between temperament and signs of psychopathology in typically developing toddlers. More specifically, Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms were analyzed in connection with fine-grained temperament dimensions. The sample was composed of 6...
Citations
... Effortful control and regulation were also protective with respect to sleep problems, as well as their consequences (e.g., academic difficulties) throughout childhood/adolescence Fischer & Schwartz, 2011;Ostlund et al., 2017). Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2020) showed that attentional focusing and motor activation were significantly associated with ADHD scores, whereas toddlers' frustration significantly related to Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) scores. ...
Early temperament attributes have been linked to emerging behaviour problems and significant long‐term consequences; however, these relations are rarely examined cross‐culturally. The present study addresses this gap, employing multilevel modelling to explain within‐ and between‐culture variances with respect to temperament predicting a spectrum of behaviour problems across 14 nations from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC). A total of 865 children between 17 and 40 months, with approximately equal age distribution across this developmental period and about equivalent representation of genders, were recruited from 14 nations. Greater negative emotionality was associated with more internalizing problems, whereas higher surgency and effortful control predicted fewer internalizing difficulties. Controlling for age and gender, temperament explained significant within‐ and between‐culture variances in internalizing and externalizing problems (at the broad‐band and fine‐grained levels), as well as sleep problems. For internalizing difficulties, temperament accounted for more between‐culture variance. In contrast, for externalizing difficulties, temperament accounted more for how individuals within the same culture differed from their same‐culture counterparts. The within‐culture findings suggest universal patterns of temperament‐problem relations, informing cultural adaptation of interventions; between‐culture findings enhance understanding of the implications of the cultural niche for normative behaviour and adjustment.
... Early-life infant temperament is strongly associated with the risk of developing mental health illness in later life (Abulizi et al., 2017;Cole et al., 2004;Nigg, 2006;Sayal et al., 2014). Sanchez-Perez et al. (2020) observed that children with higher levels of the sadness dimension were at greater risk for mental health disorders, such as attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) later in life, and that higher levels of the surgency/extraversion dimension were positively associated with the subsequent occurrence of these disorders. Therefore, it is critical for children's subsequent development to focus on temperament early in life and explore potential mechanisms of influence. ...
Background:
Temperament has been shown to be associated with the change of gut microbiome. There were no longitudinal studies to explore the role of gut microbiome changes in the development of temperament in toddlers.
Methods:
This study used longitudinal cohort to investigate the associations between changes in gut microbiome and temperament in toddlers in the first two years of life. Linear regression analysis and microbiome multivariate association with linear models were used to investigate the associations between the gut microbiome and toddlers' temperament.
Results:
In total, 41 toddlers were analyzed. This study found both Shannon and Chao-1 indices at birth were negatively correlated with the sadness dimension; the higher the Shannon and Chao-1 indices at 6 months, the lower the surgency/extraversion dimension scores; the higher the Shannon and Chao-1 indices at 2 years of ages, the lower the cuddliness dimension scores. After adjusting for covariates, beta diversity at birth was strongly associated with the negative affectivity dimension; beta diversity at 1 year of age was strongly associated with the activity level dimension; and beta diversity at 2 years of age was strongly associated with the discomfort and soothability dimension. Compared to Bifidobacterium cluster, this study also found Bacteroides cluster was associated with lower negative affectivity and its sub-dimensions frustration and sadness scores in toddlers.
Limitations:
Generalizability of the results remains to be determined.
Conclusion:
Results of this study confirmed the associations between changes in the gut microbiome diversity and composition in the first two years of life and toddlers' temperament.
... Compared to typically developing individuals, children and young people with ADHD have been found to have low effortful control (i.e., less efficient voluntary self-regulation of attention and behavior), elevated negative affectivity (i.e., high levels of negative emotional reactivity, poor coping, and selfsoothability), and increased surgency-extraversion (i.e., positive affect and responsiveness to stimulation and novelty) (6)(7)(8). Dimensional analyses also found a relationship between low effortful control traits and inattentive and hyperactivityimpulsivity symptoms (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). In contrast, high levels of the surgency-extraversion temperamental trait are most commonly associated with hyperactive-impulsive symptoms (12). ...
... Despite some suggestive yet non-significant relationships between ADHD symptoms and surgency-extraversion, the lack of group differences in surgency-extraversion traits or a link of these with ADHD symptoms in our data contrasts with the results of previous reports indicating a possible association of surgency-extraversion with ADHD and hyperactivityimpulsivity traits (10,15,20). The inconsistency across studies can be viewed in light of the difference in the samples examined. ...
... Furthermore, the temperament constructs used, that is, the overall surgency-extraversion temperament dimension in our study vs. only subcomponents of surgency and extraversion in the other studies (10,15). Future studies in large clinical population samples will need to examine further the role of surgency-extraversion in explaining the heterogeneity of ADHD. ...
Objective
To investigate whether temperament dimensions, Effortful Control (EC), Surgency-Extraversion (SE), and Negative Affectivity (NA), are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and how they relate to awakening cortisol levels, as a proxy measure of peripheral arousal.
Methods
Parent-rated temperament and saliva samples were collected from 55 children with ADHD and 65 age-matched controls.
Results
Compared to controls, youths with ADHD showed lower EC, higher NA, and lower awakening cortisol levels but did not differ in SE. Similar findings emerged in dimensional analyses linking temperament traits to inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms. The results remained unchanged when controlling for the presence of co-occurring opposition-defiance and anxiety traits, as well as medication status. Temperament dimensions were not associated with cortisol levels.
Conclusions
Poor temperamental emotional and cognitive self-regulation showed significant associations with ADHD but did not appear to be linked to the under-arousal typically seen in ADHD.
Objectives
The present study examined parental sleep-supporting practices during toddlerhood in relation to temperament across 14 cultures. We hypothesized that passive sleep-supporting techniques (e.g., talking, cuddling), but not active techniques (e.g., walking, doing an activity together), would be associated with less challenging temperament profiles: higher Surgency (SUR) and Effortful Control (EC) and lower Negative Emotionality (NE), with fine-grained dimensions exhibiting relationships consistent with their overarching factors (e.g., parallel passive sleep-supporting approach effects for dimensions of NE).
Methods
Caregivers ( N = 841) across 14 cultures (M = 61 families per site) reported toddler (between 17 and 40 months of age; 52% male) temperament and sleep-supporting activities. Utilizing linear multilevel regression models and group-mean centering procedures, we assessed the role of between- and within-cultural variance in sleep-supporting practices in relation to temperament.
Results
Both within-and between-culture differences in passive sleep-supporting techniques were associated with temperament attributes, (e.g., lower NE at the between-culture level; higher within-culture EC). For active techniques only within-culture effects were significant (e.g., demonstrating a positive association with NE). Adding sleep-supporting behaviors to the regression models accounted for significantly more between-culture temperament variance than child age and gender alone.
Conclusion
Hypotheses were largely supported. Findings suggest parental sleep practices could be potential targets for interventions to mitigate risk posed by challenging temperament profiles (e.g., reducing active techniques that are associated with greater distress proneness and NE).
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is characterized by contentious interpersonal behaviors and an irritable disposition. ODD typically has an onset in childhood and is often persistent through adolescence and into adulthood. ODD includes distinct symptom dimensions of chronic irritability and oppositional behavior; these differentially explain comorbidities with depression and anxiety or with externalizing behavioral disorders respectively. ODD creates impairments in interactions with family members, peers, teachers and colleagues in work environments, and predicts school dropout and increased risk for suicidality. Evidence-based treatments are available for children, but additional work is needed to validate interventions for ODD in late adolescence and adulthood.
Background:
Study of temperament in first-degree relatives is an important line of inquiry to substantiate temperament as an etiological marker.
Aim:
This study aims to compare temperament in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their healthy siblings and to assess the association between ADHD symptoms and temperament dimensions in healthy siblings.
Settings and design:
The study was carried out in the outpatient department of psychiatry in a tertiary care teaching hospital. A cross-sectional design with nonprobabilistic sampling technique was used for data collection.
Materials and methods:
A hundred children (50 children with ADHD and 50 siblings-one for each child with ADHD) were assessed retrospectively on temperament measurement schedule (TMS) and conners parent rating scale-revised: short form (CPRS-R: S).
Statistical analysis:
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Mean and standard deviation and frequency and percentage were computed for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Student's t-test was computed to compare means of the two groups and regression analysis was computed to see for the variance in ADHD subscale scores explained by temperament scores on TMS.
Results:
Siblings scored highest on the intensity of reaction and lowest on threshold of responsiveness. Compared to probands, siblings scored significantly higher on persistence and lower on activity level, even after controlling for gender. Persistence trait had a significant negative correlation with and explained 7.4% to 21% of variance of all CPRS-R: S subscales. Persistence and distractibility together explained 23.2% of inattention scores.
Conclusion:
Higher persistence in siblings appears to offer protection to these at-risk individuals who do not have ADHD; favoring the dual pathway model of ADHD.
