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![Path model of the Parental-control model. Note: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. SE = 0.010, 95% CI = [0.017, 0.050]). The upper and lower bounds of the bootstrapped 95% CI for the mediating effect of neuroticism and social support also did not include 0 (indirect effect = 0.044, SE = 0.007, 95% CI = [0.034, 0.056]). Additionally, the total effect of parental control on depressive symptoms was 0.926. The effect size was based on the ratio of the mediating effect to the total effect. Therefore, the mediating effect sizes of neuroticism, social support, and neuroticism and social support were 69.87%, 3.56%, and 4.75%, respectively.](publication/362675299/figure/fig3/AS:11431281079566013@1660759670307/Path-model-of-the-Parental-control-model-Note-p-0001-p-001-SE-0010-95.png)
Path model of the Parental-control model. Note: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01. SE = 0.010, 95% CI = [0.017, 0.050]). The upper and lower bounds of the bootstrapped 95% CI for the mediating effect of neuroticism and social support also did not include 0 (indirect effect = 0.044, SE = 0.007, 95% CI = [0.034, 0.056]). Additionally, the total effect of parental control on depressive symptoms was 0.926. The effect size was based on the ratio of the mediating effect to the total effect. Therefore, the mediating effect sizes of neuroticism, social support, and neuroticism and social support were 69.87%, 3.56%, and 4.75%, respectively.
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... The mediation model tested whether the PBI subscales had indirect effects on depressive symptomatology through positive and negative autobiographical memories. This model was chosen drawing on previous studies analysing the impact of the perception of parental bonding on depressive symptomatology, studying the role of possible moderating variables 21,91,92 . The bootstrapping sampling procedure was performed with software AMOS. ...
Retrospective perceptions of parental bonding may be a protective factor for emotional health. These perceptions are grounded in autobiographical memory, which plays a key role in the onset and maintenance of depressive symptomatology. The aim of the present study was to explore whether the emotional valence of autobiographical memories (positive and negative) and the dimensions of parental bonding (care and protection) have an impact on depressive symptomatology, examining the role of depressive rumination and possible age-related differences. A total of 139 young adults (18–28 years) and 124 older adults (65–88 years) completed the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Autobiographical Memory Test and the Short Depressive Rumination Scale. Our results show that positive autobiographical memories serve as a protective factor for depressive symptoms in both young and older adults. Additionally, in young adults, high paternal care and protection scores are associated with increased negative autobiographical memories, although this association has no effect on depressive symptomatology. In older adults, high maternal protection scores are directly related to greater depressive symptomatology. Depressive rumination significantly increases depressive symptoms in both young and older adults, with an increase in negative autobiographical memories in young adults, and a decrease in such memories in older adults. Our findings progress the understanding of the relationships between parental bonding and autobiographical memory with respect to emotional disorders, which, in turn, will help in the design of effective prevention measures.
