Figure 2 - uploaded by Ronald Komarek
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Parts of the cannula insertion instrument that must be fabricated to convert the Tydings tonsil snare into the insertion device: (a)upper segment of the drawing rod, (b) endpiece assembly with presser feet and the lower segment of the drawing rod, (c) cone with attaching neoprene plug, (d) presser foot, (e) support calipers.
Source publication
Rumen and abomasal cannulas for sheep and an instrument that facilitates rapid insertion of the cannulas were developed. The cannulas were made from epoxy-filled polyurethane and were supported by outer support rings held in place by nuts screwed onto the threaded tops of the cannula barrels. The insertion device was used to pull the cannula throug...
Citations
... In this study, RI was obtained via stomach tubing rather than from rumen-cannulated cows, which is typically regarded as the standard method (Komarek, 1981). The utilization of rumen-cannulated cows in our research was restricted due to the potential for gas leakage through the rumen cannula during CH 4 measurements via the GreenFeed (GF) system, thus resulting in inaccurate gas data (Hristov et al., 2015). ...
... Para a realização da técnica os animais devem estar em jejum alimentar e hídrico, alguns autores citam 24 horas para ambos (Komarek, 1981), outros de 36 e 12 horas, respectivamente (Muzzi et al., 2009), os animais são mantidos em posição quadrupedal, de preferência em tronco de contenção, com acesso à região da fossa paralombar esquerda, realiza-se tricotomia da linha média dorsal até a base do úbere. O animal deve ser sedado e anestesiado e o campo deve ser esterilizado e mantido estéril com a utilização de pano de campo fenestrado. ...
A fistulação e canulação do rúmen em bovinos é uma técnica que possui grande importância nos estudos de nutrição animal. Com a implantação de cânulas, é possível avaliar o metabolismo e a fisiologia do pré-estômago, pesquisar a degradabilidade de alimentos e forragens in situ, além de serem importantes no processo de transfaunação que consiste na transferência de microbiota ruminal de um animal saudável para um doente. A fistulação do rúmen e a implantação da cânula são realizadas mediante intervenção cirúrgica, que variam conforme o tipo de cânula utilizada. Além disso, a fistulação pode ser realizada em um ou dois estágios operatórios, com diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas descritas na literatura. Complicações pós-operatórias e implicações éticas vem sendo relatadas no presente trabalho, além da importância de estudos realizados com a microbiologia ruminal, principalmente avaliando-se as interações entre os micro-organismos e hospedeiros. Conclui-se que a técnica de canulação em bovinos, bem realizada cirurgicamente com menor sofrimento animal, sendo certificado pelo Comitês de Ética na Utilização de Animais, são importantes para pesquisas na área de nutrição animal e emergências na clínica de ruminantes.
... The one stage rumen cannulation involves implantation of a silicon cannula in a fistulated procedure between the dorsal sac of the rumen and the body surface of the left paralumbar fossa, for experimental purposes or to treat persistent bloat, is known as one stage cannulation (Saeed et al., 2007). Cannulation is required to keep the fistula open and prevent it from interfering with regular digestion (Komarek, 1981). Cannulas are utilized in a variety of species and parts of the digestive tract to avoid gas and rumen contents leaking during sampling intervals (Stedile et al., 2008). ...
... The surgical details of the procedure were based on the method reported by R. J. Komarek and Santra on sheep fistula (2,20), the method of One-step installation was adopted by using Tshaped fistula (21). In addition, the post-operative care procedure referred to sheep fistula surgery concepts and techniques from Durmic's (22) study, of this second stage are described elsewhere. ...
This experiment was to study the impact of rumen fistula surgery on the rumen microbios in sheep. Six male adult Hu sheep (48.8 ± 0.23 kg, 0.5 years) were fed at 0700 and 1,800 with ad libitum access to water. The rumen fistula was installed in the same batch from 0600 to 0900. Monitoring the dry mater intake and the output of dry mater faces 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days after fistulated surgery. The collection of rumen fluid was arranged at 1d during rumen surgery (DRS1), 3d after rumen surgery (ARS3), and 14d after rumen surgery (ARS14) for volatile fatty acid (VFA) and DNA extraction for sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. There was no difference in DMI, the pH apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber both before and 14 days after surgery. Increases were observed in the acetate and total VFA at ARS3. There was no difference in digestion of dry material, organic material, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber before and after surgery. The relative abundance of Bacteroides decreased from 61.96% at DRS1 to 28.85% at ARS3. In comparison with the DRS1 and ARS3, the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the ARS14 increased to 44.58% (P < 0.01). Proteobacteria increased from 11.33% at DRS1 to 51.66% at ARS3 and then decreased to 11.39% at ARS14. Prevotella decreased form 61.06% at DRS1 to 28.04% in the ARS3. Succinivibrio increased from 8.32% at DRS1 to 48.58% at ARS3, but decreased to 10.43% in the ARS14. Compared with DRS1 and ARS3, the ARS14 was higher in the Simpson and Shannon index. As for the BugBase function prediction, rumen fistula surgery increased the microorganism abundance of aerobic and facultative anaerobic phenotype, and anaerobic phenotype was decreased in the ARS3. There was higher microorganism abundance of aerobic phenotype in the ARS14 than before fistula installation. In conclusion, the rumen fistula surgery destroys the anaerobic environment of rumen, leading to differences in rumen microbial diversity and function, but the apparent digestibility and total VFA were not affected.
... Since then, cannulation of the fistula has become standard to maintain the opening and reduce the impact of oxygen exposure on rumen function. 2 Two of the major surgical methods used by veterinary surgeons for rumen cannulation are the one-step and two-step techniques. The onestep surgical procedure involves making a circular incision in the left paralumbar fossa and a subsequent incision in the rumen wall. ...
Objective: To determine the influence of two methods of rumen cannulation on postoperative animal welfare.
Study design: Experimental study.
Animals: Twelve commercial wethers (n = 6 per group).
Methods: Group 1 wethers underwent a one-step procedure to place a cannula immediately after fistulation of the rumen to the skin. Group 2 wethers underwent a two-step procedure in which a portion of the rumen was externalized and held with a clamp for 9 days, after which the cannula was placed into the fistula created by removal of the clamped rumen tissue. Feed intake and vital signs were monitored daily for 24 days postoperatively. Plasma fibrinogen and serum cortisol were measured daily for 14 days postoperatively to estimate inflammatory and stress responses, respectively. Change in body weight was also assessed.
Results: Cannulation method did not affect (P > .05) body weight, temperature , heart rate, respiratory rate, fibrinogen level, or cumulative cortisol level. Feed intake was lower (0.82 vs 1.2 kg/d; P < .0001), and mean cortisol level was greater (124.2 vs 121.5 ng/mL; P = .038) in group 2 compared with group 1.
Conclusion: Although both cannulation methods mostly elicited similar physiological responses, animals seemed to experience more discomfort and stress when undergoing the two-step procedure.
Clinical significance: Rumen cannulation performed in one step is recommended to improve postoperative welfare.
... Rumen cannulation can result in various postsurgery complications, such as loose fit of the cannula due to stretching or necrosis of the incision site (Komarek, 1981). This leads to leakage of rumen contents and loss of CO 2 , CH 4 , and H 2 from the gas cap of the rumen (Moate et al., 2013). ...
Rumen cannulation is a widely employed technique in ruminant nutrition research. However, the gap between skin and rumen cannula can cause leakage of fermentation gases and influx of atmospheric air, which may adversely affect the anaerobic environment in the rumen. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of rumen cannulation on headspace gases, dissolved gases, fermentation end products, and methanogen community in the rumen of dairy cows. Eight Holstein cows were used in the experiment. Four cows were surgically fitted with rumen cannulas, whereas the other 4 intact cows were used as control. Rumen cannulation decreased gaseous hydrogen and methane concentrations, dissolved carbon dioxide concentration, and relative abundances of Methanosphaera, and increased the saturation factor of dissolved hydrogen and dissolved methane, dissolved methane concentration, volatile fatty acid concentration, 16S ribosomal RNA gene copies of methanogens, and Simpson index of methanogen community. In summary, rumen cannulation causes a reduction in headspace gaseous hydrogen and gaseous methane, which may not decrease dissolved gas concentrations due to an increase in saturation factors. Furthermore, rumen cannulation alters methanogen community with increased methanogen population and decreased relative abundances of Methanosphaera.
... Ruminal cannulation is a fistulation procedure between the dorsal sac of the rumen and the body surface on the left paralumbar fossa, with experimental purposes or to relieve of chronic bloat (SAEED et al., 2007). The placement of cannulas in the digestive system is often required for experimental studies of digestibility, especially in farm animals (STEDILE et al., 2008) and knowledge of the rumen function has evolved through these fistulas (KOMAREK, 1981). ...
... Cannulation is necessary to maintain the fistula open and minimize its interference on the normal digestive function (KOMAREK, 1981). Cannulas prevent gas and rumen contents leakage during sampling intervals and are used in several species and portions of the digestive tract (STEDILE et al., 2008). ...
... The ideal fistula is one that seals around the cannula, preventing rumen fluid leakage in the experimental period (MUZZI et al., 2009). Ideally, in addition, the cannulation should not protrude from the side of the animal, or be vulnerable to mechanical disturbances, as well as being easy to open and close without twisting (KOMAREK, 1981). ...
This study describes a one-stage rumenostomy technique with placement of permanent flexible
silicone cannula, performed in seven Santa Inês ewes used in a research on ruminal acidosis for six months. The
surgical procedure proved to be easy to perform, with few postoperative complications and effective to carry out the
ruminal fluid sampling during the period of study.
... The technique also allows repeated sampling and exhaustive monitoring of rumen fermentation parameters (Terr e et al., 2013). Therefore, the technique has been widely used in ruminant nutrition research, ruminal fermentation assessment, and rumen microbial community analysis (Komarek, 1981;Geishauser and Gitzel, 1996;Duffield et al., 2004;Kristensen et al., 2010). ...
The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of rumen cannulation on the microbial community of goat rumens using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Twelve Boer crossbred goats were used in the experiment: six goats were surgically fitted with rumen cannula, and the other six were used as controls. All goats were fed the same diet for 20 days, after which their rumen digesta were sampled once per week for three consecutive weeks. Total microbial DNA was extracted from the collected rumen fluid and was used as a template to amplify the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. High-throughput sequencing was performed using an Illumina MiSeq platform, and the sequences were analyzed primarily using the Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology pipeline software. The results showed that the Chao 1 index, the observed species index and the Shannon-Wiener index were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the two groups. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Tenericutes were the predominant phylum in both groups, and their relative abundance was 60.63%, 29.48%, 2.24% (n = 6, CT group) and 61.17%, 26.92%, 1.66% (n = 6, RC group) respectively. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the microbial communities of RC goats, and Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi were significantly lower (p = 0.02). The abundances of other phyla were not significantly different between treatments. A total of 19 lower-level taxa also exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) in relative abundance between the groups. In addition, there were 18 genera shared within the control group, 26 shared within the rumen-cannulated group, and 16 shared by both groups. Prevotella was the most abundant shared genus, although its abundance was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the groups. In conclusion, although the most abundant microbes kept stable, rumen cannulation had the potential to significantly change rumen microbial communities in goats.
... Rumen cannulation is considered the reference method allowing the collection of representative samples of rumen digesta from donor animals (Komarek, 1981;Kristensen et al., 2010). Access to surgically-modified animals is not universal, and therefore less invasive techniques, such as oral stomach probing, have been used as an alternative. ...
In vitro fermentation techniques (IVFT) have been widely used to evaluate the nutritive value of feeds for ruminants and in the last decade to assess the effect of different nutritional strategies on methane (CH4) production. However, many technical factors may influence the results obtained. The present review has been prepared by the ‘Global Network’ FACCE-JPI international research consortium to provide a critical evaluation of the main factors that need to be considered when designing, conducting and interpreting IVFT experiments that investigate nutritional strategies to mitigate CH4 emission from ruminants. Given the increasing and wide-scale use of IVFT, there is a need to critically review reports in the literature and establish what criteria are essential to the establishment and implementation of in vitro techniques. Key aspects considered include: i) donor animal species and number of animal used, ii) diet fed to donor animals, iii) collection and processing of rumen fluid as inoculum, iv) choice of substrate and incubation buffer, v) incubation procedures and CH4 measurements, vi) headspace gas composition and vii) comparability of in vitro and in vivo measurements. Based on an evaluation of experimental evidence, a set of technical recommendations are presented to harmonize IVFT for feed evaluation, assessment of rumen function and CH4 production.
... Many celiotomy techniques for abomasal cannulation have been described (17,27), but these techniques are invasive, though to varying extents. Minimally-invasive laparoscopic surgery offers faster recovery times, reduced pain, and more rapid return to activity compared to conventional surgery (30). ...
Introduction: The objective of this study was to describe a laparoscopic abomasal cannulation (LAC) technique, and compare the extent of the surgical trauma after LAC and open abomasal cannulation (OAC) by examining postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores and serum values of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in sheep. Material and Methods: Twelve healthy ewes, weighing 38-43 kg, were used. Three-portal laparoscopic techniques were used for LAC procedures. OAC was performed by a right flank laparotomy. Results: Abomasal cannulation was accomplished in all sheep without major intraoperative and postoperative complications. The abomasal contents were collected easily in both groups. Comparative studies found that open procedures exhibit a more pronounced short-term increase in cytokines and significantly higher VAS pain scores than the corresponding laparoscopic procedures. Conclusion: The laparoscopic technique proved to be less traumatic than the conventional open technique.
