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This book with two key parts discusses threats and consequences of climate predictions on coastal tourism destinations. Chapters 1 to 7 explore the theoretical and contextual frameworks of climate change processes and their general relationship with coastal tourism destinations. Such concepts for example evaluate the relationship and juxtaposition...
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This book aims to update the last volume, Disappearing Destinations (2011), and presents new cases that discuss current threats and consequences of climate change predictions on coastal tourism destinations. In this context, predicted changes and implications for management and policy at such destinations are assessed. The book chapters are divided...
This book aims to update the last volume, Disappearing Destinations (2011), and presents new cases that discuss current threats and consequences of climate change predictions on coastal tourism destinations. In this context, predicted changes and implications for management and policy at such destinations are assessed. The book chapters are divided...
This book aims to update the last volume, Disappearing Destinations (2011), and presents new cases that discuss current threats and consequences of climate change predictions on coastal tourism destinations. In this context, predicted changes and implications for management and policy at such destinations are assessed. The book chapters are divided...
Citations
... The coastline is a highly vulnerable environment that can be easily impacted by human activities such as tourism, agriculture, fishing, and industry [4,5]. Coastal areas, including popular destinations like continental Portugal and the Azores, attract tourists due to their favorable climate, natural beauty, cultural heritage, and the presence of tourist infrastructures [6,7]. ...
In this study, coastal scenic beauty was assessed at 29 sites at São Miguel, which is one of the Azores Islands, i.e., a group of remote volcanic islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. The assessment was based on in situ observations and the use of the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES), which consists of a checklist with 26 physical- and anthropic-weighted parameters and the Fuzzy Logic Approach (FLA) mathematical tool. The study sites were classified into five classes according to their typology and their scenic value, ranging from Class I (natural sites of great scenic beauty) to Class V (unattractive, urbanized sites). Concerning beach typology, 13% were remote, 28% rural, 28% village, and 31% urban. Concerning scenic beauty, 10% of the sites belonged to Class I, 14% to Class II, 17% to Class III, 31% to Class IV, and 28% to Class V. The physical parameters were linked to the characteristics of the geological volcanic landscapes, and the anthropic parameters essentially reflected the presence of tourism and public services. The results of the assessment provide a scientific basis for developing a management strategy for the preservation and conservation of the coastal areas and their sustainable development.
... A beach is a narrow fringe of the seashore that provides various services, such as services and goods for the recreational use of the sun, sea and sand (Williams, 2011;Lozoya et al., 2016;Picken, 2017), and provides benefits to the economy and tax collection (Stronge, 2005). In geological terms, beaches are unconsolidated deposits in coastal areas that are subject to deposition and erosion by the action of waves and currents (Hattersl and Fostert, 1968;Masselink and Hughes, 2003;Boak and Turner, 2005). ...
The present study recorded the abundance of plastic debris in marine sediments of tourist beaches in the Southwest Atlantic (Argentina). We aimed to determine the abundance of macro-, meso- and microplastics in different beaches, considering different anthropogenic and natural factors. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were performed and the explanatory factors were: Beach Morphology; Grain Size; Recreational Use Level; Continental Water Discharge, Location, Distance Urban Centre and Season. The Continental Water Discharge was the factor responsible for the highest abundance of plastic debris on the beach surface. Beaches with fine granulometry, between groins, with high to very high intensity of recreational use, tend to accumulate and/or retain greater amounts of plastic debris. The seasonal factor influences the abundance of plastic waste in the central zone between the pre-summer and post-summer seasons, despite the cleaning effect of the city goverment. In beaches with greater anthropogenic pressure, the influence of this factor on the abundance of litter is altered.
... Coastal landscapes can be described as a littoral area, as perceived by humans, which is the result from the multiple natural and human factors interactions (Council of Europe 2000). Scenery, which is the focus of this paper, together with safety, facilities, water quality and no litter represent the five parameters of the greatest significance to coastal visitors (Williams 2011). The invaluable relevance of coastal scenery to society is reflected by the large number of existing protection status areas, e.g., National Parks, Heritage Coasts, Wilderness Areas, Protected Landscapes and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). ...
... Appendices. Williams et al. (2011): "Re" and "Ru" corresponding respectively to "remote" and "rural" areas. ** Surface acquired by the CdL. ...
—In memory of Allan Williams—
'Buy to protect': this may be the Conservatoire du littoral philosophy. Since 1975, this unique public French institution endeavours to acquire vulnerable and threatened coastal areas of great natural relevance to ensure their permanent and sound management/protection by establishing conventions with local authorities. This paper is focused on (i) the research of remarkable attractive natural sites not (or only slightly) affected by human intrusions, (ii) the analysis of the Conservatoire policies related to landscape issues and (iii) the proposal of judicious measures to assess/maintain/enhance/monitor landscape quality. For such proposals, the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES) method was in situ applied along the northern French coast, from Belgium to the Seine estuary. This area, shaped in a macrotidal environment, was chosen as it exhibits a wide variety of scenery composed of majestic dunes complexes, estuaries, bays and impressive cliff formations, alongside a strong cultural heritage. It also includes some world-renowned sites such as Les Deux Caps (Gris-Nez and Blanc-Nez), the Somme Bay and the cliffs of Étretat. CSES is a strong accurate indicator of scenic quality based on 26 physical and human parameters, and fuzzy-logic mathematics to overcome subjectivity and quantify uncertainties. As a result, an Evaluation Index (D) is obtained, enabling to classify sites into five distinct classes, from Class I (outstanding quality) to Class V (very poor quality). In this paper, 16 sectors respectively located along the Côte d'Opale (8), Côte Picarde (4) and Côte d'Albâtre (4) were selected after a long process of field testing. Seven were included in Class I, five in Class II and four in Class III. Finally, suggestions were made to complete the remarkable labour done by the Conservatoire.
... De acordo com Williams (2011), os frenquentadores do litoral estão essencialmente interessados em segurança, instalações, balneabilidade, ausência de lixo e beleza cênica. Portanto, as condições em que os serviços e atividades direcionadas aos usuários da praia são oferecidas em praias turísticas afeta diretamente na escolha do destino (Baratella et al., 2020). ...
No Brasil a zona costeira é reconhecida como Patrimônio Nacional, devido a sua riqueza de ecossistemas, recursos naturaise econômicos, assim como pela sua beleza singular. O reconhecimento das características costeiras é fundamentalpara preservar a qualidade desses cenários e auxiliar na alocação mais assertiva dos esforços de gestão costeira. A presentepesquisa objetivou caracterizar dez praias arenosas situadas no litoral central de Santa Catarina, município de GovernadorCelso Ramos - Brasil, avaliando sua variação sazonal entre o inverno e o verão. Foi usado um método de classificaçãoestética e universal que pode ser aplicado para qualquer praia no mundo, consistindo na avaliação de 26 parâmetros,tanto naturais quanto antrópicos. Os melhores cenários costeiros (Classe I) foram encontrados em praias pouco frequentadase de baixa ocupação urbana, enquanto as áreas mais populosas pontuaram principalmente como Classe III ou IV.Nenhuma praia foi considerada muito pouco atraente (Classe V) e a classificação das praias não variou sazonalmente.São discutidas as implicações gerenciais que visem preservar e valorizar esse ativo estético do município, destacamos aimportancia de manter as praias livre de lixo, a realização de atividade de educação ambiental, o planejamento urbano,sugere-se que em praias “desertas”, invista-se em outros tipos de turismo, diferentemente do tradicional turismo de “Sole Praia”, como atividades relacionadas à aventura, conservação ou ecoturismo, a fim de manter seus atrativos naturais,que são de grande beleza e singularidade.
... Studies have shown many factors that influence the choice of beaches by visitors, including beach length and shoreline characteristics (Leggett et al., 2014); scenery, water quality, landscape, crowding and amenities Botero et al., 2013); and safety, facilities, water quality, sanitation and scenery (Williams & Micallef, 2009). This is corroborated by Williams (2011) in an analysis of tourist preferences for five beaches in the UK, USA, Malta, Turkey and Spain, where the tourists were mostly interested in water quality, safety, facilities, absence of litter, and scenic beauty. However, in a related study, Jedrzejczak (2004) found that tourists chose the north-eastern coast of Poland for vacationing mainly as a result of fresh air and recreational activities, and to a lesser extent, because of the scenic beauty. ...
Visitors' perception of beach quality is an important input in the effective management of beaches. This study examines the factors that influence visitors' perceptions of the quality of a popular beach in Ghana, Kokrobite beach. A survey involving 497 visitors was undertaken. The results of the study indicate that even though visitors place a premium on sanitation and security in their evaluation of beach quality, the levels of sanitation and security at the beach were perceived to be poor. Also, nationality, frequency of visit and reason for the choice of thebeach were found to significantly influence the perception of beach quality. The paper recommends that sanitation and security on the beach should be improved through the collaboration of stakeholders.
... De acordo com Williams (2011), os frenquentadores do litoral estão essencialmente interessados em segurança, instalações, balneabilidade, ausência de lixo e beleza cênica. Portanto, as condições em que os serviços e atividades direcionadas aos usuários da praia são oferecidas em praias turísticas afeta diretamente na escolha do destino (Baratella et al., 2020). ...
No Brasil a zona costeira é reconhecida como Patrimônio Nacional, devido a sua riqueza de ecossistemas, recursos naturaise econômicos, assim como pela sua beleza singular. O reconhecimento das características costeiras é fundamentalpara preservar a qualidade desses cenários e auxiliar na alocação mais assertiva dos esforços de gestão costeira. A presentepesquisa objetivou caracterizar dez praias arenosas situadas no litoral central de Santa Catarina, município de GovernadorCelso Ramos - Brasil, avaliando sua variação sazonal entre o inverno e o verão. Foi usado um método de classificaçãoestética e universal que pode ser aplicado para qualquer praia no mundo, consistindo na avaliação de 26 parâmetros,tanto naturais quanto antrópicos. Os melhores cenários costeiros (Classe I) foram encontrados em praias pouco frequentadase de baixa ocupação urbana, enquanto as áreas mais populosas pontuaram principalmente como Classe III ou IV.Nenhuma praia foi considerada muito pouco atraente (Classe V) e a classificação das praias não variou sazonalmente.São discutidas as implicações gerenciais que visem preservar e valorizar esse ativo estético do município, destacamos aimportancia de manter as praias livre de lixo, a realização de atividade de educação ambiental, o planejamento urbano,sugere-se que em praias “desertas”, invista-se em outros tipos de turismo, diferentemente do tradicional turismo de “Sole Praia”, como atividades relacionadas à aventura, conservação ou ecoturismo, a fim de manter seus atrativos naturais,que são de grande beleza e singularidade.
... El concepto de playas remotas, que hace parte de la propuesta de las cinco tipologías de playa de Williams (2010), previamente esbozadas por Williams y Micallef (2009) se refieren a las siguientes tipologías de playas: 1) urbanas, 2) resort, 3) poblado, 4) rurales, y 5) remotas. Sobre estas últimas, que son el principal objeto de este proyecto, se destaca la siguiente definición: !estas pueden definirse por la dificultad de acceso, en gran parte en barco o a pie, una caminata de hasta 300m. ...
La capacidad de capturar, crear y compartir el conocimiento clave para el éxito organizacional del turismo científico en playas remotas. Al aprovechar este conocimiento se llega a una ventaja competitiva comercial frente a otras formas de turismo desfavorables para nuestro ambiente. Así que este libro es una estrategia innovadora para el futuro de nuestras frágiles playas remotas. Sirve como una introducción completa al tema de la gestión del conocimiento, incorporando aspectos técnicos, sociales y culturales vinculados con el turismo. También introduce conceptos, ejemplos prácticos, enfoques tradicionales de la planeación estratégica y temas emergentes relacionados con la administración del turismo sostenible. Está acompañado de la explicación de principios, procesos y consejos para mejorar las competencias de los administradores, empresarios y emprendedores que manejan proyectos turísticos. Así que es una gran herramienta para aumentar y perfeccionar el negocio del turismo científico.
... Beach typology [23] Remote Rural Village or Resort ...
... (1) Access difficulty The facility of access strongly contributes to a site's affluence, and sites considered as "remote" demand at least a walk up to 300 m or more therefore distance to walk is a first indicator of access difficulty [23]. The approach proposed in this paper considered the access difficulty according to a difficulty scale presented in Table 7 and used by [29]; e.g., a 300 m walk in a coastal cliff or mountainous context will be quite longer/harder than in a flat coastal plain. ...
... Beach rewards, such as the famous Blue Flag, are almost only based on anthropogenic concepts, services proximity, leisure, etc., and not on natural aspects, such scenic beauty, and peace and quiet-showing the limit of the present-day management approach in a coastal context [92,93]. Williams [23] categorized five beach types: resort, urban, village, rural and remote, and proposed the following definitions: ...
Coasts worldwide face a great variety of environmental impacts, as well as increased anthropogenic pressures due to urbanization and rapid population growth. Human activities menace ecosystem services and the economy of coastal countries, often based on “Sun, Sea and Sand” (3S) tourism. The five parameters of greatest importance (the “Big Five”) for beach visitors are safety, facilities, water quality, no litter and scenery, and the characterization of the latter was recently carried out by means of a checklist of 26 natural and human parameters, parameter weighting matrices and fuzzy logic, according to the “Coastal Scenic Evaluation System” (CSES) methodology. In order to propose sound coastal management strategies, the main aim of this paper is to propose a method to determine the scenic sensitivity of (i) natural parameters to coastal natural processes in a Climate Change context and (ii) human parameters to visitors’ pressure in a scenario of increasing tourism and coastal developments. Regarding natural parameters, the sensitivity of “Beach face” and “Dunes” parameters is determined according to an Erodibility Index with a Correction Factor, taking into account wave forcing characteristics, tidal range and trends at a local scale of Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge. This establishes a Sensitivity Index to natural processes. A site’s scenic sensitivity to human pressure/activities was determined by considering the sensitivity of several human parameters of the CSES method according to beach typology and access difficulty together with the Protection Area Management Category to which a site belongs. A Human Impact Index is obtained, which is afterwards corrected by taking into account local trends of tourism pressure, establishing a Sensitivity Index to human pressure. Finally, a total Sensitivity Index considering both natural processes and human pressure is obtained, and sites divided into three sensitive groups. The results can be useful to limit and prevent environmental degradation linked to natural processes and tourism development, and also to suggest measures to improve the scenic value of investigated sites and their sustainable usage. The method was tested for 29 sites of great scenic quality along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia, Spain.
... At present, the coastal landscape has received great attention from the 3S tourism researchers [12][13][14][15] but, despite this, studies on specific resources related to this kind of tourism are relatively scarce. Several authors [16][17][18] highlighted water quality, safety, absence of litter, facilities and landscape as most relevant aspects linked to the 3S tourism, the latter being the focus of this research. ...
The scenery, safety, facilities, water quality and litter quantities in coastal areas are relevant and determining elements in the choice of a tourist destination. This paper focused on the evaluation of coastal scenic value in 55 and 12 sites respectively located in continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. The information obtained gives public administrators and coastal managers the relevant data to avoid further environmental degradation and suggests measures to improve the present scenic value of tourist destinations. The methodology used was based on the analysis of 26 physical/human factors and applied fuzzy logic analysis and weighting matrices that allowed the sites to be classified into five classes, from Class I (natural areas with superior scenic characteristics) to Class V (poor scenic areas with relevant impact of human interventions). The most attractive beaches were in the Galapagos Islands due to the magnificent physical and environmental characteristics, while the Esmeraldas province presented sites of lower scenic beauty due to the low natural scenic value and the increase of human impacts. In total, 22% (15 out of 67) of the beaches investigated belonged to Class I, 12% (8) to Class II and 15% (10) to Class III. The last two classes included 51% of the beaches (i.e. 34 out of 67), of which 31% (21) was in Class IV and 20% (13) in Class V. Such results provide local managers and planners a solid inventory on coastal scenic characteristics and baseline information for any envisaged subsequent management plan.
... Concerning the preferences of beachgoers, numerous questionnaires have been carried out in different countries to find out that travelling distance is a relevant selection criterion, but that five parameters (the "Big Five"), i.e., safety, facilities, water quality, absence of litter, and scenery, are of the greatest importance to coastal visitors [20]. Beach users have an idyllic concept of the beach: they prefer sunny white sand beaches bordered by dark blue seas in places flanked by the additional opportunities provided by nature [21], culture [22], and food [23], etc. ...
Sea, Sun, and Sand (3S) are relevant and determining elements for choosing a tourist destination in Ecuador, a country with about 1200 km of coast along the Pacific Ocean. This study analyzed the market potential of the 3S in 64 beaches, 10 located in the Galapagos and 54 in the continental zone (of Ecuador). The methodology used was exploratory and bibliographical, complemented by a descriptive analysis. The color of the water was assessed by direct observation, sand samples were taken to a laboratory for color analysis, and information on the hours of light was obtained from international archive data. The data obtained were compared with other world famous 3S tourism destinations. The Galapagos had the best results, with attractive white sand beaches, sea blue water color, and an elevated sunshine time; meanwhile, the continental zone presented poor beaches with dark sand and unattractive water color. To strengthen 3S tourism, managers should work on the enhancement of complementary aspects such as culture, gastronomy, and architecture, promoting the creation of new coastal tourist routes and destinations.
