Fig 13 - uploaded by Charles H F Rowell
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Newly discovered species of Central American bactrophorine grasshoppers in the genera Rhicnoderma Gerstaecker, Lempira Rehn (n. stat.) (from El Salvador) and Pararhicnoderma n. genus (from Costa Rica) reported and/or described. The genus Rhicnoderma is reviewed, and keys provided to the described species of all three genera.
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... very short, leaving mesonotum largely exposed. lateral lobes of pronotum marked by a pale horizontal stripe in the male, extending over the pronotal lobes and often continuing onto the thoracic pleura (Plate 13). Prosternal process ( fig. 13) similar to that of Rhicnoderma, a long transverse ridge, the outer corners each bearing a small erect tubercle, the whole tending weakly towards a bifid condition. Mesosternal interspace transverse; metasternal lobes touching. All thoracic sterna slightly ...
Context 2
... prosternal process transverse, chisel shaped, somewhat less wide than that of P. uatsiensis, and the outer corners of the apical ridge are decorated with two minute tubercles ( fig. 13B). Interocular space rugose, but devoid of a transverse row of three tubercles. fas- tigium with a single transverse row of two tubercles, each somewhat elongated laterally. Pronotum devoid of swellings or tubercles, except on the two processes of the anterior margin. Integument more or less deeply punctate. The second pronotal sulcus is ...
Context 3
... females.-1/ locality data as holotype, 13.September 1976 (Rowell, CHf). Specimen no. 76141 (ANSP). 2/ All data as male paratype 2. Table 1. Habitus fig. 13. See also Plate 19, Plate ...
Context 4
... ornamented with a single transverse row of tubercles. Inter-ocular space has numerous rugosities, but lacks the transverse row of 3 well-defined tubercles seen in some other species. Prosternal process transverse and chisel shaped, diverging slightly towards its tip; edge of terminal ridge slightly undulant, no tubercles at the outer corners ( fig. ...
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Citations
... About 7% and 15% of these records are not identified at genus and species level respectively, evidently representing undescribed taxa. Of this list the following five species are recorded for the first time for Guatemala: Machaerocera mexicana Saussure, 1859; Cibotopteryx variegata Rehn, 1905; Lempira metapanensis Rowell, 2012;Gymnotettix occidentalis Bruner, 1901, Lethus oresterus Rehn & Rehn, 1934 In addition, four genera are recorded for first time to the country, with new species or species yet to be described: Lempira Rehn, 1938;Pararhicnoderma Rowell, 2012;Gymnotettix Bruner, 1901;Paralethus Rowell & Perez-Gelabert, 2006. It is worth noting that even the knowledge of Caelifera fauna in Guatemala is very poor, and this is the starting point for the establishment of future studies in the group and in the order. ...
We describe six species of Acridomorpha, Orthoptera from Guatemala: Paralethus rowelli n. sp., Paralethus cerezoi n. sp., Episactus schusteri n. sp. (Episactidae: Episactinae), Pararhicnoderma eniocanoi n. sp. (Romaleidae: Bactrophorinae), Tela neumanni n. sp. and Leioscapheus faustinoi n. sp. (Acrididae: Proctolabinae). four genera and five species are recorded for Guatemala and, at the same time a checklist is provided for Caelifera species found so far in the country.
... This is especially true of the ophthalmolampini. The majority of one of the two clades of Bactrophorini (the Hyleacrae, Amedegnato et al. 2012) are however Central American, and various new taxa of the Rhicnoderma genus group, especially Costa Rican species of Pararhicnoderma, were recently described by Rowell (2012). The present paper extends that work by describing new Costa Rican species of Mezentia (Bactrophorini Borae), and new species of Taeniophora (Taeniophorini) and of Nautia, Caenolampis and Inbiolampis n.gen. ...
New species of the genera Mezentia Stål, Taeniophora Stål, Nautia Stål, Caenolampis Descamps and Inbiolampis n. gen. (all members of the Bactrophorinae Amedegnato 1974) are described from Costa Rica and Panama. The previously unknown male of Taeniophora rubrosignata Descamps & Rowell 1984 is described; its cereal structure links it to South American species of the genus, rather than to the other Central American species. A key to the Central American species of Mezentia is provided. New species: Mezentia prymnocerca, M. proracerca, Taeniophora pirrensis, T. santosi, Caenolampis copensis, Inbiolampis herediensis.
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The tribe Bactrophorini of the Bactrophorinae is briefly reviewed. Two new genera are erected; Mayalina, and Hylaezentia. Three new species (M. cohni, M. teapensis and M. chajulensis) of Mayalina are described. A key to the genera of the tribe is included. A cladistic analysis of morphological characters indicates that the Bactrophorini genera fall into two well-supported clades. The first, ("Hyleacrae", after its most basal member) has as its basal branches, the exclusively Amazonian Hyleacris and the Amazonian and Central American Bactrophora; as its crown group it contains all the remaining Central American genera except Mezentia. The Central American genera of the Hyleacrae fall into two lineages: first, the sister genera Cristobalina and Mayalina (the "Cristobalina genus group") of Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, and secondly the "Rhicnoderma genus group", composed of four genera (Rhicnoderma Gerstaecker, 1889, Lempira (Rehn, 1938) and Pararhicnoderma Rowell, 2012, which occur from Southern Mexico south to Panama, plus the Panamanian endemic Panamacris Rehn, 1938, which is apparently the sister genus of Rhicnoderma). The second clade of the tribe ("Borae", after its most basal member, Bora) contains four exclusively Amazonian genera, plus the fifth and most derived genus, Mezentia, which has both Central American and Colombian species. In the Borae there is a second basal genus, Silacris, and then a crown group consisting of three very closely related genera, Mezentia, Andeomezentia and Hylaezentia, here referred to as the "Mezentia genus group".
Traits of chemically-defended animals can change as an individual grows and matures, and both theoretical and empirical evidence favour a direction of change from crypsis to aposematism. This study examines the suite of traits involved in an unusual opposite shift from aposematism to crypsis in a neotropical toxic-plant-feeding Romaleid grasshopper, Chromacris psittacus (Gerstaecker, 1873). Field surveys, behavioural observations and a rearing experiment compare host plant choice, aggregation, locomotion and thermoregulation between life history stages. Results showed that both nymphs and adults fed exclusively on a narrow range of Solanaceae plants, suggesting that the shift in defensive syndrome is not due to a change in chemical defense. Instead, nymphal aposematism appears linked to aggregation in response to plant-based selection pressures. Slow nymphal development suggests a cost to feeding on toxic plant compounds, and grouping could mitigate this cost. Grouping also increases conspicuousness, and hence can favour warning colourating in chemically-defended insects. The role of diet breadth in aposematism is poorly understood, and these results suggest how constraints imposed by feeding on toxic plants can generate bottom-up selection pressures shaping the adaptive suites of traits of chemically-defended animals.
Based upon a week's field work in northwestern El Salvador, we add 14 species to the list of grasshoppers known from the country, increasing the count to 24 species. Habitat notes and photos are presented for some.
