Table 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... total volume of the different element is assumed to be a unit volume. Volume relationship of three phases of soil from Nungbi Khunou Sample is shown in Table 2. Porosity, void ratio, degree of saturation, dry density and submerge density of the soil sample can be calculated from the values of three phases and is given in Table 3 below. ...
Similar publications
The paper presents a developed laboratory unit and a technique for conducting experimental studies of the effect of physical properties of landfill soils, such as moisture, density, temperature, on slope stability in order to verify the reliability of a mathematical model and a methodology for preventing emergencies associated with displacement dev...
Citations
... The geotechnical implications of the natural moisture content, ranging from 18.21% to 21.45%, indicate a notable presence of water in the soil during the dry season. This water presence can potentially result in increased leaching and migration of water-soluble contaminants, ultimately impacting overall soil stability [53]. Moreover, the bulk density values ranging from 2.56 to 2.60 suggest the presence of soils that are moderately to lightly packed. ...
This study assessed soil pollution and index properties in Okpulor through geochemical, geotechnical, and geoenvironmental analyses. Twenty samples, comprising 14 surface and 6 shallow subsurface ones, underwent geochemical analysis for heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb). Five geochemical indices, including the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI), were utilized. Simultaneously, six subsurface samples underwent geotechnical analysis for Natural Moisture, Grain Size, Specific Gravity, Bulk Density, and Atterberg Limits, following Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) guidelines. The Igeo highlighted significant heavy metal contamination in Okpulor soils, particularly Cd. EF values exceeding 1.5 underscored a strong anthropogenic influence, with CF indicating Cd’s substantial contribution to overall contamination. PERI underscored the ecological risks associated with Cd contamination. Natural moisture content, ranging from 18.21% to 21.45%, indicated a notable presence of water in the soil during the dry season, potentially leading to increased leaching and migration of water-soluble contaminants. Bulk density values suggested moderate to lightly packed soils, impacting porosity and permeability, and influencing contaminant movement. Atterberg limits indicated low soil plasticity, impacting moisture retention and contaminant behaviour. Grain size analysis revealed poorly graded soils with a close sand-to-clay ratio, affecting water drainage. These geotechnical properties and heavy metal contamination reveal the intricate interplay between soil characteristics and contamination risks in the Okpulor area, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to safeguard the environment.
... The geotechnical implications of the natural moisture content, ranging from 18.21% to 21.45%, indicate a notable presence of water in the soil during the dry season. This water presence can potentially result in increased leaching and migration of water-soluble contaminants, ultimately impacting overall soil stability [53]. Moreover, the bulk density values ranging from 2.56 to 2.60 suggest the presence of soils that are moderately to lightly packed. ...
Soil, a vital biosphere component, is pivotal for human life, but its degradation adversely affects life quality. This study assessed soil pollution and index properties in Okpulor through geochemical, geotechnical, and geoenvironmental analyses. Twenty samples, comprising 14 surface and 6 shallow subsurface ones, underwent geochemical analysis for heavy metals (Fe, Cr, C, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb). Six geochemical models including Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were employed. Simultaneously, six subsurface samples underwent geotechnical analysis for Natural Moisture Content, Grain Size, Specific Gravity, Bulk Density, and Atterberg Limits according to USCS and AASHTO guidelines. The Igeo highlighted significant Cd contamination, urging Cd source reduction for environmental mitigation. EF above 1.5 revealed substantial anthropogenic influence, emphasizing human activity control. CF accentuated Cd's contribution, requiring specific attention in environmental management. The PERI stressed Cd's ecological risks, necessitating targeted interventions. Natural moisture revealed initial soil conditions affecting contaminant mobility. High content enhanced leaching, emphasizing potential water-soluble contaminant migration. Bulk density and specific gravity assessed soil compaction and permeability, vital for understanding contaminant movement. Atterberg limits provided insights into plasticity and moisture retention, influencing contaminant behavior. Grain size analysis characterized particle distribution, impacting porosity, permeability, and contaminant movement. The interplay between geotechnical and geochemical properties unveiled contamination risks, urging holistic environmental management in Okpulor. Comprehensive consideration of the soils geotechnical index properties in environmental studies provides a holistic view of soil-contaminant interactions, emphasizing the need for strategic environmental management in Okpulor.
... Prakash and Jain (2002) said the same idea, stating that soil with IP > 17% was included in soil with high plasticity [22]. According to Bidyashwari, soil with high plasticity is unstable, and landslides are common during the rainy season [23]. The same thing was said by Nengsih [24], Fan and Chang [25], and Kristo [26]. ...
Hydrothermal alteration occurs in andesitic rocks in the study area due to the presence of the Great Sumatran Fault. This study shows the consequences of this phenomenon on the characteristics of volcanic residual soils. This study comprises volcanic residual soils formed from the same andesitic rocks in a site located in West Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia which has a tropical climate. Chemical, physical, and mineralogical characterizations were carried out to describe the materials and the changes imposed by their alteration. Effects of alteration on the soil’s behavior were assessed in terms of plasticity.
... In the journal Physical Properties of Soil and Its Implication to Slope Stability of Nungbi Khunou, NH-150, Manipur [21] it is said a slope becomes less stable if the liquid limit value is greater than the water content value which results in potential expansion of the soil, because the liquid limit value can indicate the relative deformation of the soil and indicate the degree of soil firmness, if our analysis is based on research. In this case, there is a result that the LL value > w value, which means there is potential for soil expansion to occur but the soil expansion that occurs is still at a low level. ...
... This shows that there is too much water in the soil, corresponding to low cohesion within the soil. Cohesion is a crucial parameter of the shear strength of soil [17] Permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) refers to the ease with which water can flow through the soil. the soil samples collected are almost impervious, their permeabilities suggest rainy clay soils According to the results, the study area has a low angle of friction which affects its shear strength. ...
"Climate-resilient slope stabilization for road infrastructures" means infrastructure is planned, designed, built, and operated in such a way that it predicts, prepares for, and adapts to changing climate conditions. Slope failure; slope collapse due to the shearing force exceeding the shear strength of the soil, is a troubling problem on Rwanda's road network infrastructure. This is mainly felt in the northern province of Rwanda, especially the GAKENKE district. This project aimed at providing a climate-resilient slope stabilization technique. This was achieved through slope stability assessment, both infinite and finite slope. A spatial analysis of the landslide conditioning factors allowed the production of a landslide susceptibility map, which shows the areas which are more prone to slope failure across the district. The study area is in the high-risk zone of slope failure. Soil exploration of the site revealed that the site soil characteristics are among the cause of the instability. The soil on site has a low angle of friction and a low cohesion coefficient. The site also has a high degree of water saturation which explains low cohesion, the factor of safety of the site is less than 1.5. The main conditioning factors of slope instability in this region are rainfall, slope angles, and soil properties. According to the findings of the research, the site is unstable. To ensure climate resiliency and sustainability, suitable and appropriate environmentally friendly solutions; terracing, vegetated gabion wall, Engineered Earth Armoring systems, and improved soil bioengineering techniques. The solution needs to be applied from uphill to the road embankment to stabilize the slope. GAKENKE district administration needs to improve soil and water resources protection measures through more and advanced studies on sustainable climate-resilient slope stabilization.
... Therefore, weathering profile characterization can be an essential tool for understanding landslide-triggering mechanisms (BARATA, 1969;DEERE;PATTON, 1971;VARGAS JR et al., 1986;WOLLE;HACHICH, 1989). [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Soil properties play an important role in slope stability and some physical features, such as texture, morphology, and porosity can directly influence water dynamics on slopes (ZUNG et al., 2009;BIDYASHWARI et al., 2017). In addition, soil heterogeneity and anisotropy make understanding and analyzing soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity difficult OCHIAI, 2006;BOGAARD, 2016). ...
Soil physical properties play an important role in landslide rupture mechanisms, since changes in soil texture, structure, and porosity can affect slope permeability. This study characterized a granitic weathering profile and assessed the changes in the properties of the materials related to the main mechanisms that trigger landslides. The study identified three layers with distinctive particularities in macromorphological and micromorphological terms: mature residual soil (well-developed), young residual soil (saprolitic soil), and saprolite. Morphological characterization was carried out in addition to textural analysis, and soil porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) tests. The weathering profile presented clear differences in morphology, pore size and soil texture, which could indicate distinct weathering grades. The results suggested that continuous heavy rainfall could contribute to the increase in pore-water pressure between mature residual soil and young residual soil, favoring the occurrence of slope failure.
... On the other hand, volcanic residual soil still has its disadvantages. Iqbal et al. [28] observed that the liquid limit of volcanic residual soil is >50%, while some researchers [70][71][72][73] found that liquid limits >40% would decrease the shear strength of the soil and cause landslides (Figure 9). Landslides usually occur during the rainy season. ...
In West Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia, tropical volcanic residual soils are formed from weathering of volcanic breccias in hydrothermal alteration areas with a thickness of up to 20 m. This soil has the characteristics of clayey silt, low to high plasticity, brownish-red color, has the potential to swelling, easily eroded, and slide when it is saturated, and contains the minerals kaolinite, halloysite, illite, dickite, nacrite, montmorillonite, despujolsite, hematite, and magnetite. The results showed that this soil can cause corrosion of steel and is widely used by the community as a medium for growing plants and vegetables and as a foundation for infrastructure (for example, houses). The volcanic residual soil of the research area had Low Rare Earth Element (LREE) potential and specific uses. The soil with characteristic low plasticity has Liquid Limit (LL) brine value <50% will be suitable for agriculture purposes, building foundations, and earth construction. At the same time, the other category is soil with intermediate to high plasticity characteristics, which has an Liquid Limit (LL) brine value >50%, was more ideal for the primary forest.
... In this state, water exerts pressure on soil pores, decreasing the friction just as the shear strength responsible for the material stability is also reduced. This points out a possible initiation mechanism of slope instabilities that can trigger landslides, if they are combined with other factors, such as rainfall and steepness of the slope [69][70][71]. Additionally, water causes a decrease in shear strength either by reducing the apparent soil cohesion or by creating or extending cracks, which represent potential slip surfaces when moistened. ...
In this work, we explored a novel approach to integrate both geo-environmental and soil geomechanical parameters in a landslide susceptibility model. A total of 179 shallow to deep landslides were identified using Google Earth images and field observations. Moreover, soil geomechanical properties of 11 representative soil samples were analyzed. The relationship between soil properties was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and geotechnical diagrams. Membership values were assigned to each soil property class, using the fuzzy membership method. The information value method allowed computing the weight value of geo-environmental factor classes. From the soil geomechanical membership values and the geo-environmental factor weights, three landslide predisposition models were produced, two separate models and one combined model. The results of the soil testing allowed classifying the soils in the study area as highly plastic clays, with high water content, swelling, and shrinkage potential. Some geo-environmental factor classes revealed their landslide prediction ability by displaying high weight values. While the model with only soil properties tended to underrate unstable and stable areas, the model combining soil properties and geo-environmental factors allowed a more precise identification of stability conditions. The geo-environmental factors model and the model combining geo-environmental factors and soil properties displayed predictive powers of 80 and 93%, respectively. It can be concluded that the spatial analysis of soil geomechanical properties can play a major role in the detection of landslide prone areas, which is of great interest for site selection and planning with respect to sustainable development at Mount Oku.
... Therefore, weathering profile characterization can be an essential tool for understanding landslide-triggering mechanisms (BARATA, 1969;DEERE;PATTON, 1971;VARGAS JR et al., 1986;WOLLE;HACHICH, 1989). [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Soil properties play an important role in slope stability and some physical features, such as texture, morphology, and porosity can directly influence water dynamics on slopes (ZUNG et al., 2009;BIDYASHWARI et al., 2017). In addition, soil heterogeneity and anisotropy make understanding and analyzing soil permeability and hydraulic conductivity difficult OCHIAI, 2006;BOGAARD, 2016). ...
During the summer of 2014, the municipality of Itaóca (SP) was affected by concentrated heavy rains at the headwaters of the watersheds that triggered widespread mass movements. The shallow landslides occurrence is related to numerous factors, among them, the weathering that can contribute to the reduction of mechanical resistance, causing a change in the geotechnical and hydraulic properties of the profile, thus favoring instabilities. The project aimed to characterize weathering profiles and to correlate some of its physical properties with the main rupture mechanisms. For this purpose, a cut slope was selected containing: I) Typical weathering profile (rocks at the base, corestones, etc.); II) Easy access to collect soil samples, and III) Evidence of past shallow landslide (landslides scars) in the same compartment. The weathering profile was characterized by soil morphological descriptions, particle size, porosity analysis, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), in addition to measurements by the Schmidt hammer in the rock mass. The results indicated the presence of 3 main layers (Mature Residual Soil, Young Residual Soil, and Saprolite) with distinct textural, morphological, and permeability differences. It was observed significant discontinuities (e.g. structural, textural) between the Mature Residual Soil and the Young Residual Soil that may facilitate the appearance of hydraulic discontinuities. In the Residual Maduro the water would percolate more quickly, but it would have some difficulty at Residual Jovem due to the differences between its physical attributes, furthering the formation of a saturated zone and the appearance of positive pore pressure, contributing to instability. During intense rainfall, possible ruptures would occur between Residual Maduro and Residual Jovem due mainly to abrupt changes in their physical properties and permeability.
... This scenario implies that the stability of a slope is greatly influenced by the presence of water. According to Bidyashwari et al. (2017), as the water content increases, the stability of the slope decreases thus, the factor of safety. ...
The slope’s stability in mountainous or hilly region is significantly important for the safety and protection of the people and the environment. Intensive field sampling was carried out in the study sites at Kibawe, Bukidnon, Philippines and soil samples were subjected to laboratory tests. The study applied the deterministic method through slope stability analysis to calculate the factor of safety (FOS) for landslide assessment. It also used Geographic Information System (GIS) particularly the ArcGIS software for FOS mapping. The results revealed that the study sites have mostly inorganic but highly expansive fine-grained soils. The values of the FOS varied in each steady-state condition. For fully-saturated and dry conditions, the values ranged from 1.54-9.98 and 1.94-12.66, respectively. For partially-saturated condition where m = 0.75, m = 0.5 and m = 0.25, the values of FOS ranged from 1.65-10.65; 1.74-11.32; and 1.84- 11.99, respectively. In general, the FOS values signified that the study area was stable against sliding; however, there was a considerable decrease in FOS values when the slope changed from completely dry to fully-saturated condition. The created set of FOS maps lay out a visual impression and the variation of slope stability condition in the study area. The findings provide a baseline reference study for the area’s slope stability that is essential in planning or further assessment of the study area. Furthermore, this can be directly used by the local government for land-use planning and future development.
