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A síndrome de envenenamento por ferroadas de abelhas africanizadas é causada pela inoculação de uma grande quantidade de peçonha por múltiplas ferroadas de abelhas, geralmente acima de quinhentas. A incidência de uma intoxicação severa por ferroadas de abelhas africanizadas é rara, porém letal. Este relato de caso aponta que, devido a um menor volu...
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... The calculated LT 50 of 2.10 and 3.72 hr for child and adult human respectively, agree with the report indicating that honeybee venom from over 50 stings can kill within short period of time [86]. The fact that 200 stings could cause envenoming syndrome in adult with type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer [87] and non-diseased human [83] shows the newly derived formula may be used for determination of effective dose of honeybee antivenin for all the population segments. The calculated LD 50 (2.5 mg/kg) for honeybee venom is comparable to that of scorpion (Mesobuthus eupeus) venom (0.18-4.5 mg/kg). ...
Toxicosis is a poisoning caused by venomous animals such as snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider and wasp. Their poisons contain amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes and metallic ions that are responsible for neurotoxicity, hemotoxicity and myotoxicity. Because of in vivo therapeutic challenges posed by toxicosis, there is need for ideal therapeutic agents against envenomation caused by venomous animals. Findings have shown that toxicosis could be treated symptomatically. Snake and scorpion antivenins could be used for treatment of poisoning caused by snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider and wasp. The amount of antivenin is dependent on the quantity of venom injected into the affected individuals. Moreso, sympotomatic treatments are also done according to the systems affected. Hospitalization is necessary for assessment of therapeutic success.
... Bee venom is a complex mixture of amines and peptides, most notably mellitin, the main and most toxic compound and phospholipase A2, the most immunogenic peptide [2,7]. In addition to causing the pain associated with bee stings, mellitin functions as a lytic peptide that destroys cells and leads to intravascular hemolysis [7,10]. Manifestations of envenoming syndrome include rhabdomyolysis, AKI, myocardial necrosis and infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, seizures, stroke, thrombocytopenia, and centrilobular necrosis of the liver [2,6,10,11]. ...
... In addition to causing the pain associated with bee stings, mellitin functions as a lytic peptide that destroys cells and leads to intravascular hemolysis [7,10]. Manifestations of envenoming syndrome include rhabdomyolysis, AKI, myocardial necrosis and infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, seizures, stroke, thrombocytopenia, and centrilobular necrosis of the liver [2,6,10,11]. Mortality from massive envenomation is often due to cardiac arrest or renal failure [11,12]. ...
Envenoming syndrome is an uncommon condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality following multiple Hymenoptera stings. We review the case of a 90-year-old male who presented after receiving greater than 100 bee stings and was found to have rhabdomyolysis with concomitant acute kidney injury. Physicians should consider envenoming syndrome in all patients presenting with greater than 50 bee stings, despite hemodynamically stability upon initial presentation.
... 3,5,[8][9][10][11] Such massive envenomations (defined as 50 stings or more) present clinical scenarios and potential delayed sequelae ("envenoming syndrome") unique to swarm attacks. 3,[7][8][9][10]12,13 Acute renal failure (ARF) is a known and potentially fatal complication of massive envenomations and may result via a number of competing pathophysiological mechanisms. 3,8,[10][11][12][14][15][16] Herein, we report a fatal case of acute renal failure after a honey bee swarm attack on a West Texas man. ...
... 3,[7][8][9][10]12,13 Acute renal failure (ARF) is a known and potentially fatal complication of massive envenomations and may result via a number of competing pathophysiological mechanisms. 3,8,[10][11][12][14][15][16] Herein, we report a fatal case of acute renal failure after a honey bee swarm attack on a West Texas man. The life history of Africanized honey bees, properties of honey bee venom, biological responses to venom inoculation, and complications of massive envenomations including the development of ARF are reviewed. ...
... In 1956, African honey bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) were imported to Brazil with the intent of increasing honey production in Central/South American by introducing a species more suited for a tropical climate (European honey bee species-Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera ligustica-had been introduced to Brazil in 1839 and 1870, respectively, but were poorly adapted to the Brazilian climate and thus had low honey production). [3,5,12] Within a year, 26 African queen bees and their colonies escaped captivity and began intermating with the established European bees, resulting in the hybrid Africanized bee subspecies (A. mellifera scutellata Lepeletier). ...
Envenoming syndrome is a systemic toxic reaction to the inoculation of large volume of insect venom, typically after a swarm attack from bees. Africanized honey bees are notorious for their aggressive nature, and human deaths resulting from Africanized honey bee attacks are consistently reported. Whereas anaphylaxis is the most common lethal mechanism of injury, delayed deaths can also occur as a consequence of severe venom toxicity with resultant end organ damage. Acute renal failure complicating massive envenomation is a rare but potentially fatal outcome after Africanized honey bee attack and may be heralded by laboratory evidence of rhabdomyolysis.
... Delayed hypersensitivity is rarely observed. The notion of prior stings has not been reported for the patient, but the number of stings exceeds the threshold of one sting per kilogram that can lead to systemic effect in children [3]. ...
... Massive bee stings can be deadly from 20 bites/kg of weight [3] but cases of patients that have survived several hundred stings have been reported [2] [8] [9]. ...
... Africanised bees (Apis mellifera scutellata) are an extremely aggressive bee species, which have the habit of performing massive attacks to victims. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-documented complication of these attacks and can occur when there are more 500 bee stings and is observed 48-72 h after the accident. There are nearly 45 cases reported in the literature. ...
... [1][2][3][4] Since then, nearly 45 cases of accidents have been reported in the literature. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Africanised bee attack can result in a simple local inflammatory reaction to anaphylactic shock. ...
... [1][2][3][4][5] Bicarbonate minimises intratubular haeme pigment deposition and behaves as a free radical scavenger, leading to decreased cell injury. [5][6][7][8][9] This patient received vigorous hydration immediately, with bicarbonate and forced diuresis on the day after admission; however, he did not show any improvement in renal function and developed oliguria, refractory metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia, and dialysis was indicated. ...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-documented complication of massive attack by Africanised bees and can be observed 48-72 h after the accident. We report a case of Africanised bees attack followed by severe and lethal AKI. A 56-year-old man was admitted to emergency department after a massive attack of Africanised bees (>1000 bee stings). He was unconscious, presenting with hypotension and tachycardia. Mechanical ventilation, volume expansion and care for anaphylaxis were instituted. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) and after 48 h he developed rhabdomyolysis, oliguria, increased creatinine levels, hyperkalaemia and refractory acidosis. A diagnosis of AKI secondary to rhabdomyolysis and shock was made. The patient was treated with a prolonged course of haemodialysis. However, he progressed to refractory shock and died 5 days after admission.
Hymenoptera is a large order of the class Insecta and comprises the social honeybees (family Apoidea), wasps, hornets, yellow jackets (Vespoidea), and ants (Formicidae). Honeybees (Apis species) are social insects that live in well-organized communities and have received more attention due to the massive attacks these insects can provoke. The species mellifera includes several subspecies, with A. m. mellifera and A. m. ligustica being the most common in Europe and A. m. scutellata in Africa [1].
The honeybee and its venom are unique among other flying Hymenoptera. The honeybee has entomologic and venom characteristics that make it both more docile and yet in ways more life-threatening than other Hymenoptera. These venom characteristics and composition make diagnosis and treatment for honeybee venom allergy more complicated, and honeybee is often involved in double positivity. Ultimately, diagnosis and perhaps treatment may improve as the role of venom component resolution is clarified. Honeybees are associated with a myriad of unusual reactions, both to the venom and to their various associated substances found in and around their habitat. Beekeepers represent a special population that are a high-risk group due to their inherent risk for stings and their propensity to be less likely to decrease risk. Finally, Africanized honeybees, the more aggressive relative, are a threat in the United States both to other hives and to humans, due to their aggressive nature. Mass envenomation requires specialized treatment and careful clinical consideration.
Hymenoptera is a large order of the class Insecta and comprises the social honeybees (family Apoidea), wasps, hornets, yellow jackets (Vespoidea), and ants (Formicidae). Honeybees (Apis species) are social insects that live in well-organized communities and have received more attention due to the massive attacks these insects can provoke. The species mellifera includes several subspecies, with A. m. mellifera and A. m. ligustica being the most common in Europe and A. m. scutellata in Africa [1].
