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The Internet of things has been adopted in several sectors both influencing how people work and enhancing organizations’ business processes. This resulted in the rise of relevant research topics such as IoT-aware business processes. The modeling of these processes makes it possible to better understand working scenarios and to support the adoption...
Citations
... Some studies have proposed novel approaches to support IoT-aware processes. Recent surveys present comprehensive lists and comparisons of proposed solutions [33][34][35][36], even if they are generic to IoT-aware business process modeling, without any specificity for Industry 4.0 scenarios. Interestingly, whether smart manufacturing poses new challenges in terms of IoTaware processes has not yet been investigated, to the best of our knowledge. ...
The continuous evolution of digital technologies applied to the more traditional world of industrial automation led to Industry 4.0, which envisions production processes subject to continuous monitoring and able to dynamically respond to changes that can affect the production at any stage (resilient factory). The concept of agility, which is a core element of Industry 4.0, is defined as the ability to quickly react to breaks and quickly adapt to changes. Accurate approaches should be implemented aiming at managing, optimizing and improving production processes. In this vision paper, we show how process management (BPM) can benefit from the availability of raw data from the industrial internet of things to obtain agile processes by using a top-down approach based on automated synthesis and a bottom-up approach based on mining.
... The latter is the de facto standard for modeling business processes in the BPM domain, and is broadly used in both industry and academia [8]. Researchers [3,6,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] have contended that BPMN 2.0 possesses capabilities that allow for the modeling of IoT-aware business processes as well. They further argue that BPMN 2.0 is a standardized notation for business process modeling, providing a framework that effectively captures various aspects of complex processes, including IoT-aware processes. ...
... They further argue that BPMN 2.0 is a standardized notation for business process modeling, providing a framework that effectively captures various aspects of complex processes, including IoT-aware processes. Contrary to the viewpoint that BPMN 2.0 can seamlessly model IoT processes without extensions, other researchers emphasize the need of explicitly distinguishing between non-IoT-related tasks and IoT-related tasks during the design phase [16,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... Modeling IoT-aware processes in the context of BPM has been extensively studied in the literature [25,26,35]. Researchers have dedicated substantial attention to investigating the challenges associated with integrating the IoT into the modeling phase of the BPM lifecycle. ...
Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) into business process management (BPM) aims to increase the automation level, efficiency, transparency, and comprehensibility of the business processes taking place in the physical world. The IoT enables the seamless networking of physical devices, allowing for the enrichment of processes with real-time data about the physical world and, thus, for optimized process automation and monitoring. To realize these benefits, the modeling of IoT-aware processes needs to be appropriately supported. Despite the great attention paid to this topic, more clarity is needed about the current state of the art of corresponding modeling solutions. Capturing IoT characteristics in business process models visually or based on labels is essential to ensure effective design and communication of IoT-aware business processes. A clear discernibility of IoT characteristics can enable the precise modeling and analysis of IoT-aware processes and facilitate collaboration among different stakeholders. With an increasing number of process model elements, it becomes crucial that process model readers can understand the IoT aspects of business processes in order to make informed decisions and to optimize the processes with respect to IoT integration. This paper presents the results of a large user study (N = 249) that explored the perception of IoT aspects in BPMN 2.0 process models to gain insights into the IoT’s involvement in business processes that drive the successful implementation and communication of IoT-aware processes.
... In Torres et al. (2020), a SLR is performed to collect and describe ways to model IoT-aware BPs. Compagnucci et al. (2023Compagnucci et al. ( , 2020 for example, investigated modeling views related to different types of IoT-aware BPs and the IoT requirements supported by the various modeling notations. Abouzid et al. (2022) conducted a SLR on BPMN extensions for IoT domains and their integration in supply chain BPs. ...
In the last years, the increasing scientific and industrial interest in Business Process Management (BPM) approaches and methods on the one side, and Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies and tools on the other. Are these fields complementary? What are their respective interplays and the research challenges to their realizations? The article presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to gain in-depth insights into the maturity of existing approaches to IoT-aware BPM. The analysis of the retrieved studies, framed along the research questions addressed in the SLR, enables us to systematically evaluate the literature on IoT-aware BPM concerning the phases of the process life cycle covered by the different approaches, the specific topics addressed, the application domains involved, and the possibility to tackle the research challenges. Future research directions are also highlighted.
... Fig. 3 reports the behavior in Peace Mode (i.e., before the earthquake) and Fig. 4 reports the behavior in War Mode (i.e., during and after the earthquake). Considering that the BPMN notation lately acquired relevance in the modelling of IoT and CPS systems [1,2,24], it came natural for us to conceptualize the PIR behavior using such a notation. The use of BPMN gives the advantage of using a notation that is easily understandable, even to non-expert users. ...
The rapid advancements in digital technologies have paved the way for the development and utilization of digital twins that allow bridging the gap between physical systems and their virtual representations. This digital twin concept is gaining importance especially in the design of complex IoT and Cyber-Physical systems. At design time a digital twin can in fact be used to represent the to-be system reflecting its characteristics in the digital world and especially to conduct simulations before the system is actually implemented.
This paper reports about an approach for the design and implementation of a Digital Twin Prototype for a project involving an IoT life-saving system designed to support the rescue operation of people during a seismic event. The approach as well as the software tool can be adopted to other IoT or Cyber-Physical systems.
... Making data-driven decisions based on these insights can enhance efficiency, reduce costs, elevate the customer experience, and foster innovation. This convergence of IoT technologies and BPs can empower organisations to remain agile, optimise their operations, and gain a competitive advantage in the ever-evolving digital landscape [6]. ...
... They aim at focusing on higher-level functionalities and outcomes, avoiding the burden of managing the different dimensions of IoT devices' heterogeneity [7][8][9]. Overcoming these challenges requires innovative approaches to enable a coherent convergence of holistic disciplines such as the IoT and BPM, empowering organisations to leverage the benefits of IoT technologies without compromising the agility and efficiency of their BPs [6,10]. ...
... ers such as customers, marketing professionals, or finance employees who need to analyse them [22,38,39]. In addition, BPMN is the most used and preferred modelling language to face the integration of BPs and IoT [1,6]. ...
The capability to integrate Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into business processes (BPs) has emerged as a transformative paradigm, offering unprecedented opportunities for organisations to enhance their operational efficiency and productivity. Interacting with the physical world and leveraging real-world data to make more informed business decisions is of greatest interest, and the idea of IoT-enhanced BPs promises to automate and improve business activities and permit them to adapt to the physical environment of execution. Nonetheless, combining these two domains is challenging, and it requires new modelling methods that do not increase notation complexity and provide independent execution between the process and the underlying device technology. In this work, we propose FloBP, a model-driven engineering approach separating concerns between the IoT and BPs, providing a structured and systematic approach to modelling and executing IoT-enhanced BPs. Applying the separation of concerns through an interdisciplinary team is needed to ensure that the approach covers all necessary process aspects, including technological and modelling ones. The FloBP approach is based on modelling tools and a microservices architecture to deploy BPMN models, and it facilitates integration with the physical world, providing flexibility to support multiple IoT device technologies and their evolution. A smart canteen scenario describes and evaluates the approach’s feasibility and its possible adoption by various stakeholders. The performed evaluation concludes that the application of FloBP facilitates the modelling and development of IoT-enhanced BPs by sharing and reusing knowledge among IoT and BP experts.
... Moreover, very few IoT applications were discussed. IoT advancement from various perspectives such as social impacts, applications, and challenges has been studied in [32,33]. The work is far from a discussion of security issues and future challenges in IoT. ...
In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has had a big impact on both industry and academia. Its profound impact is particularly felt in the industrial sector, where the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), also known as Industry 4.0, is revolutionizing manufacturing and production through the fusion of cutting-edge technologies and network-embedded sensing devices. The IIoT revolutionizes several industries, including crucial ones such as oil and gas, water purification and distribution, energy, and chemicals, by integrating information technology (IT) with industrial control and automation systems. Water, a vital resource for life, is a symbol of the advancement of technology, yet knowledge of potential cyberattacks and their catastrophic effects on water treatment facilities is still insufficient. Even seemingly insignificant errors can have serious consequences, such as aberrant pH values or fluctuations in the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCI) in water, which can result in fatalities or serious diseases. The water purification and distribution industry has been the target of numerous hostile cyber security attacks, some of which have been identified, revealed, and documented in this paper. Our goal is to understand the range of security threats that are present in this industry. Through the lens of IIoT, the survey provides a technical investigation that covers attack models, actual cases of cyber intrusions in the water sector, a range of security difficulties encountered, and preventative security solutions. We also explore upcoming perspectives, illuminating the predicted advancements and orientations in this dynamic subject. For industrial practitioners and aspiring scholars alike, our work is a useful, enlightening, and current resource. We want to promote a thorough grasp of the cybersecurity landscape in the water industry by combining key insights and igniting group efforts toward a safe and dependable digital future.
... For example, Bourr et al. (2021) identified a subset of elements for designing multi-robot systems, leveraging the role of the often overlooked timer, conditional, and signal events. As to possible extensions of the BPMN standard, many research papers have already contributed to introducing additional elements (Braun and Esswein 2014;Zarour et al. 2020;Onggo et al. 2018;Compagnucci et al. 2022Compagnucci et al. , 2020Strutzenberger et al. 2021). It would be interesting to study and define a standardization for such BPMN extensions so that the community can refer to the same extended notation when modeling specific domains. ...
Being widely accepted by industries and academia, Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) is the de facto standard for business process modeling. However, the large number of notation elements it introduces makes its use quite complex. This work investigates the usage of the BPMN notation by analyzing 54,500 models harvested from seven online collections. The study considers different model types introduced by the standard, such as process collaboration, choreography, and conversation. The analyses focus on the syntactic dimension of BPMN, investigating the usage of BPMN elements and their combinations. Syntactic violations of the standard, and of good modeling practices, are also investigated as well as possible relations with BPMN elements and modeling tools. The results of the study can guide further activities of educators, practitioners, researchers, and standardization bodies.
... Several characteristics are attributed to digital twins, as also emerged from the study we conducted and reported in Section 2. As well as for other domains (e.g., Business Process Management, Internet of Things), modelling notations (e.g., BPMN, UML) can be used to design and reason about complex systems [14][15][16]. Concerning digital twins, the design of a modelling language has been recognised as a potential means to manage the complexity of digital twin solutions design [4,9,12,13]. Different works provide designing approaches to develop digital twins but refer to specific application domains. ...
Modelling and developing digital twin solutions is a growing and promising trend followed by enterprises with the ambition to improve decision-making and accelerate risk assessment and production time. However, as a current emerging trend, there is no recognised standard nor a unique solution that provides support for all the characteristics of a digital twin. This article builds upon the result of a literature review that we conducted to extract the main characteristics attributed to Digital Twins. The identified characteristics guided the proposal of a Digital Twin Modelling Notation (DTMN). In this work we present the DTMN meta-model supported by a graphical modelling notation. This modelling notation can be used as a starting point to design and reason about Digital Twin solutions.
... There are many approaches and notations that deal with the modeling, execution, monitoring and recording of IoT-driven BPs. Two options are proposed in this context: (i) extending the BPMN 2.0 metamodel with IoT-specific modeling elements or (ii) relying on the BPMN 2.0 metamodel as-is [6,30,35,36]. Section 4.1 presents approaches that rely on the as-is BPMN 2.0 metamodel, whereas Section 4.2 presents works that extend the BPMN 2.0 metamodel with IoT-specific modeling elements. ...
... Objective O3). As another drawback, in most cases the extensions are considered solely from a theoretical point of view, but neglect implementation issues [35], i.e., these works describe IoT-specific extensions of the BPMN metamodel, but do not provide an extended BPMN modeler to support process engineers in modeling IoT-driven BPs (cf. Objectives O7 and O8). ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) enables a variety of smart applications, including smart home, smart manufacturing, and smart city. By enhancing Business Process Management Systems with IoT capabilities, the execution and monitoring of business processes can be significantly improved. Providing a holistic support for modeling, executing and monitoring IoT-driven processes, however, constitutes a challenge. Existing process modeling and process execution languages, such as BPMN 2.0, are unable to fully meet the IoT characteristics (e.g., asynchronicity and parallelism) of IoT-driven processes. In this article, we üresent BPMNE4IoT—A holistic framework for modeling, executing and monitoring IoT-driven processes. We introduce various artifacts and events based on the BPMN 2.0 metamodel that allow realizing the desired IoT awareness of business processes. The framework is evaluated along two real-world scenarios from two different domains. Moreover, we present a user study for comparing BPMNE4IoT and BPMN 2.0. In particular, this study has confirmed that the BPMNE4IoT framework facilitates the support of IoT-driven processes.
... Different models are being used and extended to represent different perspectives of IoT solutions. From a business point of view, to represent the entire management of an IoT-aware process, models are designed with graphical notations such as BPMN, which can be adapted to model different application scenarios [29][30][31]. To represent the structure and behaviour of IoT devices, UML models are among the most used. ...
Several IoT platforms have been proposed to support and facilitate the development of IoT applications. Unfortunately, using an IoT platform makes the developed application strongly dependent on the specific platform’s functionalities. This reduces the portability of the IoT application that may require significant adaptations, or a complete re-design, for being migrated towards other platforms. To mitigate the lack of IoT application portability, we present X-IoT (read as cross-IoT), a model-driven approach supporting the development of cross-platform IoT applications. X-IoT is based on a Domain-Specific Modelling Language (DSML) and its related notation, whose development has been guided by a deep analysis of IoT application characteristics. Tool support is provided through the ADOxx platform, which allows using the DSML to model platform-independent IoT applications, that can be successively refined and deployed on selected IoT platforms. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated through a meeting room scenario.
