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This study was carried out to evaluate the physical and thermal characteristics of briquettes made from a mixture of paper pulp and Mesua ferrea leaves. Paper pulp/ground Mesua ferrea leaves mixtures prepared were of 80–20%, 60–40%, 50–50% ratio and 100–0% mixture which served as a reference briquette. The mixtures were densified at a room temperat...
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... different pressures of 5.1, 10.2 and 15.3 MPa were applied during compaction at a room temperature of 28 C. Compacted briquettes were held in residence for 60 s [41] before ejection from the mould. The produced briquettes were kept in a room with adequate ventilation and left to dry for thirty (30) days (Figure 4). The procedure for densification of each sample proportion was replicated ten (10) times, and four (4) briquettes out of each sample proportion were randomly selected for properties testing after drying. ...
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Densification of biomass can significantly raise its volumetric calorific value, reduce its transportation costs, and create a more unified and stable biomass shape. Jojoba Simmondsia chinensis shrub is a desert-adapted shrub, and its cake is the solid byproduct of processing jojoba seeds for oil extraction and has a heating value of 15.344 MJ/kg....
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... Orisaleye et al. [27] discovered that higher die temperature and hold time improved water resistance of corncob briquettes. Kpalo et al. [28] evaluated the properties of briquettes of paper pulp with Mesua ferrea leaves. The shatter index ranged between 79.18 and 99.9% with density reaching up to 370 kg/m 3 . ...
Efficient utilization of biomass requires conversion into forms that can be optimally applied in energy generation. Briquetting involves compaction of biomass into solid blocks that are more efficient than raw biomass and provides for ease of transport and handling. These are improved when the briquettes possess high shatter index and compressive strength. Due to difference in nature and composition, it is imperative to define optimum conditions for the production of quality and durable briquettes for individual biomass compacted into briquettes. This study studied the effects of process variables on the strength and durability of biomass briquettes produced using Abura sawdust. The lateral compressive strength and drop shatter index were investigated whilst varying the temperature (100-150 °C), pressure (9-15 MPa) and hold time (15-30 min). The compressive strength ranged between 2.06 and 5.15 MPa whilst the shatter index was between 50 and 600. The pressure was significant to the determination of the compressive strength (p < 0.1) and the shatter index (p < 0.05). Mechanical characteristics of the binderless Abura sawdust briquettes can be improved by optimizing the densification variables during the briquetting process when moderate pressures are used for compaction.
... food supply make it an impractical option. In this regard, despite its poor fuel properties, wastepaper is a viable binder for biomass-based fuel briquettes due to its adhesive properties [25], low sulfur contents and nitrogen oxide emissions [26,27], and abundance. Hence, this study aims to explore the briquetting of TSW using wastepaper as a binder with desirable physical and thermal properties for alternative energy use in low-income communities. ...
... In this study, a manual press moulding machine designed to have 5 MPa [26] pressure with a cylindrical mould, having a 7 cm outer diameter and 20 cm height was used. Briquette preparations were conducted at the laboratories of the Department of Chemical Engineering, and the School of and sun-dried for one week to reduce their moisture content. ...
... Calorific value: Finally, the calorific values (CV) of each briquette sample were determined by bomb calorimetry (MFPM4000030) at Messebo Cement Factory PLC, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia. The test was carried out following the ASTM method as described in [26]. ...
The disposal of tannery solid waste (TSW) and the need for clean and affordable energy are two pressing issues. Converting TSW into briquettes could be a solution to both problems. This paper focuses on preparing and characterizing fuel briquettes from TSW using a wastepaper as a binder. Raw TSW samples were obtained from the nearby leather industry, sun-dried, treated, carbonized, and reduced to a size of less than 2 mm. The carbonized TSW was mixed with a wastepaper binder (WPB) in different combinations (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80) and converted into briquettes using a hand-press briquette machine. Five briquettes were produced, and sun-dried for one week. The proximate analyses and calorific values of the resulting briquettes were determined in accordance with ASTM analytical methods. The briquettes had a moisture content of 1.30±0.01–5.30±0.10%, volatile matter of 4.01±0.09–10.21±0.18%, ash of 2.80±0.04–5.50±0.13%, fixed carbon of 79.00±0.54–91.90±0.36%, and calorific value of 20.48±0.08–21.09±0.04 MJ/kg. Results showed that a briquette comprised of 80% TSW and 20% WPB has a higher calorific value of 21.09±0.04 MJ/kg. This study demonstrates the feasibility of producing affordable and clean briquettes from an admixture of TSW and WPB. It also shows that briquette production can help reduce solid waste disposal in the tannery industry.
... The values of shattering index of briquettes that have up to 50 -100% concentration of PPF were low. Among the briquettes produced from various proportion of BMS and PPF, briquettes with higher proportion of BMS as contained in samples A, B and C have higher shattering index and this indicate proper bonding of BMS in the composite (Kpalo et al., 2022). Therefore, shattering index of briquettes samples A, B and C falls within the acceptable range of DIN 51731 (17.7 -99.8%) for production briquette (Kaliyan and Morey, 2006). ...
... Source: [8] "Processing rice husk charcoal into bio-briquettes is in one-way an effective way of packaging of Rice husk for charcoal briquettes and can be stored for energy use. Energy content of the rice husk charcoal briquettes can be increased by adding other kinds of biomass with high calorific values of energy" [11]. Improving the quality of briquettes can be done at the preparation stage of charcoal such as carbonization, grinding, formulating the optimum composition and the addition of appropriate adhesive material in appropriate levels. ...
... When briquettes are bonded, the shatter index is greatly minimized [20]. Also, higher ratio or composition of RHC resulted in a higher percentage of shatter resistance of briquettes [11,21]. ...
Combustion characteristics of rice husk and coconut shell briquettes have been investigated with a view of establishing its suitability as an energy source. The husk and shell were collected and carbonized in a furnace as rice husk charcoal (RHC) and coconut shell charcoal (CSC). These were further down sized and sieved to 2.5 mm particle size. The RHC and CSC were mixed in proportions of 50:45, 60:35, 70:25, 80:15, and 90:5% by weight respectively, and 5% cassava starch used as binder for all the compositions. The briquette samples were formed by thorough mixing and compaction in a metallic mold and extruded for drying and labelled 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 4 A and 5 A respectively. Physical and mechanical as well combustion tests were performed to confirmed the viability of the briquettes. The results indicate that sample 1A had the highest calorific value (4886 cal/g). The other properties such as water content, ash content, density of briquettes also indicate their suitability as energy source.
... Several studies have reported the successes of processed biomass. They include biomass to pellet [26,28], biomass to briquette [27,29,30], biomass to sound absorption panel [31], biomass to biogas [32,33], etc. However, this paper is limited to the sustainable use of biomass as energy or fuel in improved cookstoves, as it is perceived as a measure of abating the emission of harmful gases to the environment and mitigating climate change. ...
... Most of the reported studies within the stated temperature range have indicated that the developed briquettes are generally of low mechanical strength. This includes the study of [64] where the briquettes were observed to have low-density values (0.24-0.37 g/cm3) and a relatively good drop strength of 79.18-99.9%. Similarly, [27] densified at room temperature and obtained a maximum compressive strength and durability of 2.54 kN and 91.9%, respectively. ...
... At low-pressure levels, mechanical strength is usually low, thus, as pressure increases, the strength also increases. This is as observed in several studies, including [64] where the shatter index increases as pressure increases from 5.1 to 15.3 MPa, though, briquetting at this pressure yields briquettes with low density and strength. Recent studies have shown that within a moderate pressure level, highly durable briquettes could be produced [6]. ...
... The selection of a binding material depends largely on some factors which include the expected or desired binding strength, availability, cost, sustainability, and level of emission as well as the overall effect on thermal and combustion performance [23]. While these factors may differ from place to place and the overall target of the product, the following are some of the binders reported in briquette production; cassava starch [42,67,90,95,107,120,121], banana waste pulp [122], paper waste pulp [64,123], sawdust [68], corn starch [66], starch paste [92,106], cassava peel [95], molasses [124], maize straw treated with sodium hydroxide [60], bentonite [57], etc. ...
Biomass briquetting is gradually emerging as a means of sustainable energy production. The interest in briquetting has been occasioned by the continuous rise in the cost of energy coupled with the need to harness efficient and affordable alternatives. Briquettes are produced through various means, ranging from a simple low-pressured technique to a high-pressured technique. This, including the large-scale availability of biomass materials in many regions of the world, has made the process practicable and affordable. The technology has gained acceptance across the scientific community as it is a means of attaining a circular and green economy especially as it helps to curtail deforestation. Briquetting has advanced and now incorporates the blending of biomass with animal and municipal wastes such as dung, microalgae, plastics, sludge, and food waste. This paper reviewed recent literature spanning over a decade on the technical aspects of biomass briquetting to establish the current state of research. It contains a brief on renewable energy with a focus on biomass energy, as well as the impact of solid fuels on households and the environment. It reviewed briquettes and briquetting technology by highlighting key processes and quality parameters. The paper also reports the economic aspects of various briquetting technology to assess their viability and also reports the combustion process to evaluate the extent of toxic gas emissions and their impact on coal-based power plants. To this end, an overview of recent studies was made followed by a highlight of recent advancements in briquetting technology.
... According to the literature in Refs. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], the most affected parameters that affect the physical durability, relaxed density, and stability of the biomass briquettes are the applied pressure, moisture content, and pressure holding time (dwell time). ...
... The density of jojoba briquettes was obtained by dividing their mass by volume [23]. The volume was calculated from the length and diameter of the briquettes which were measured using a vernier caliper with an accuracy of ± 0.02 mm. ...
... The second is relaxed density, which is defined as the density of the briquettes measured 4 weeks after ejection from the mold. Briquette density is typically measured in the range of 1000-1400 kg/m 3 [24,29,40] and can be strongly affected by its moisture content and axial compression pressure [23,41], as shown in Figs. 2, 3, and 4. Figure 2 shows that the green and relaxed densities increased with increasing moisture content at the entire level of axial compression pressure for both levels of dwell time (5 and 10 s) due to lateral expansion of the compressed briquettes [37,42]. Also, it can be observed Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
Densification of biomass can significantly raise its volumetric calorific value, reduce its transportation costs, and create a more unified and stable biomass shape. Jojoba Simmondsia chinensis shrub is a desert-adapted shrub, and its cake is the solid byproduct of processing jojoba seeds for oil extraction and has a heating value of 15.344 MJ/kg. The study aimed to investigate the main and interaction effects of applied axial compression pressure, dwell time, and moisture content, on the relaxed density, dimensional stability or relaxation ratio, and durability of jojoba cake briquettes. The pure jojoba cake was compressed in a closed-end cylindrical die at room temperature of 27 ± 2 \(\mathrm{^\circ{\rm C} }\) at three levels of preset axial compression stress, P, 30, 35, and 40 MPa, two levels of dwell time, t, 5, and 10 s and four levels of material moisture content, mc, 20, 25, 30, and 35%wb. The findings showed that the applied axial compression pressure and moisture content significantly affected the relaxation ratio, relaxed density, and durability. Dwell time slightly affected the relaxed density and relaxation ratio but did not affect the briquette durability. Relaxed density was achieved within the range of 1001.353 and 1279.07 kg/m3, and the highest value was obtained at an applied pressure of 40 MPa, moisture content of 35%wb, and dwell time of 10 s. The desired lower relaxation ratio can be obtained with the optimal combinations of moisture content within the range of 30–35%wb and applied pressure within the range of 35–40 MPa. The high-quality briquette with an acceptable value of durability was found at the moisture content within the range of 30 and 35%wb at 40 MPa applied pressure. Stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the main and interaction effect of P, t, and mc on briquette durability, relaxation ratio, and relaxed density, and satisfying results were obtained.
... The flat graph line indicated that the pressure factor did not cause a noticeable variation in fuel attributes. Kpalo et al. (2019) demonstrated that a sufficient pressure (1480 psi) causes an explicit change in density and MC in some mixtures. The low pressure of approximately 609-1015 psi was sufficient for low-cost briquette production with good quality (Lubwama and Yiga, 2017). ...
Near-infrared (NIR) spectral-based classification of Aspergillus ochraceous contamination in the Robusta green coffee bean was investigated. Six different learning algorithms, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (Tree), Naive Bayes (NB), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were applied for the investigating purpose. Four classes of fungal contamination on coffee beans, non-fungal contaminated beans on day 1 and day 3 (NCB-D1 and NCB-D3) and fungal contaminated beans on day 1 and day 3 (CB-D1 and CB-D3), were set for the classification intention. Based on the 6 learning algorithms, the Tree approach was optimal, displaying a training accuracy of 97.5%. As proven by the testing dataset, the classification accuracy of the Tree was also at 97.5%. With this number, the Tree could correctly classify 100% between the contaminated and non-contaminated coffee beans. These findings exhibit the potential of the NIR spectroscopy accompanied by machine learning for the early detection of fungal contamination in green coffee beans.
... The high heat value of any biofuel, including briquette, is an important characteristic, a determinant of the amount of thermal energy present in biomass, and can also influence the market value [31]. In this sense when comparing the high heat value of the biomasses analyzed, it was observed that the sample that presented the lowest high heat value was the external fraction, however, it is still within the values obtained in the literature as a good high heat value for residues from sugarcane [30]. ...
... The apparent density of the briquette is an indication of its strength and can be influenced by its moisture content as well as compaction pressure [31]. The results of the experiment show that the pressure at 100 bars produced the highest densities for each proportion of briquettes since the increase of density improves the strength of the briquettes for the purpose of handling characteristics. ...
This study aimed to extract xylan by hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium, recover lignin, and evaluate the use of the pretreated material in the production of glucose via enzymatic hydrolysis. The formation of briquettes using different anatomical fractions of sugarcane (bagasse, epidermis-free stem, external fraction containing epidermis, and bagasse with the addition of lignin) was also evaluated. After xylan extraction with a yield of 62.71%, 33.6 2% of lignin was recovered by acid precipitation. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated material resulted in 71.10% of glucose. The briquettes made from the epidermis-free stem and external fraction showed better results in terms of ash, volatiles, and fixed carbon contents. Sugarcane bagasse generated briquettes with an energy density of 23,544.9 MJ/m³, and an external fraction of 25,711.8 MJ/m³. For the volumetric expansion, the briquettes made from bagasse and bagasse with the addition of lignin (recovered from xylan solubilization) presented less volumetric variation. The briquettes made from the external fraction with and without heating showed durability of over 97%.
... The flat graph line indicated that the pressure factor did not cause a noticeable variation in fuel attributes. Kpalo et al. (2019) demonstrated that a sufficient pressure (1480 psi) causes an explicit change in density and MC in some mixtures. The low pressure of approximately 609-1015 psi was sufficient for low-cost briquette production with good quality (Lubwama and Yiga, 2017). ...
This research aimed to study charcoal briquette production from coffee production waste, i.e., coffee parchment (CP) and coffee cherry pulp (CCP). The carbonization technique (CT) was studied in five mixtures (CP and CCP ≈ 0–90%) and three pressures (1000–1600 psi) to determine the appropriate conditions. The torrefaction technique (TT) and hydrothermal technique (HT) were subsequently performed under proper conditions from the CT to investigate further the fit temperatures (200–260 °C) and reaction times (40–120 min). The fuel characteristics were examined regarding the calorific value (CV), proximate and ultimate analyses, mechanical properties, and utilization properties. The results demonstrated the notable influence of interaction between the mixture and pressure factors and individual mixture on the fuel properties, whereas personal pressure have an insignificant effect. The ratio of CP ≈ 90% and binder ≈10% at a pressure of 1600 psi in the CT prepared appropriate fuel properties (calorific value ≈ 27 MJ/kg, fixed carbon content ≈ 65%). Interestingly, almost all conditions of the TT and HT provided greenhouse gas emissions lower than the CT. The TT and HT at 260 °C for 120 min provided high calorific values (25–26 MJ/kg) with other fuel characteristics in the acceptable standard, except for the fixed carbon content.
