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Palmaria palmata. (A) Generalized view of algal culturing facility with natural and artificial illumination. (B) Representative algal fronds from nature (right) and in culture (left). (C) Generalized morphology of algal fronds following several months in tumble culture. (D) Single large frond grown for 11 months in tumble culture. Scale bars represent: B & C, 10 cm; D, 30 cm.
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Palmaria palmata was integrated with Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus on a commercial farm for one year starting in November, with a temperature range of 0.4 to 19.1°C. The seaweed was grown in nine plastic mesh cages (each 1.25 m 3 volume) suspended in a concrete sump tank (46 m 3) in each of three recirculating systems. Two tanks receiv...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... palmata is an edible seaweed with actual and potential economic value (D. Bennett, Sea 2U Foods Inc. personal communication). Palmaria has long been con- sumed in Eastern Canada and the United States, and its antioxidant properties may provide health benefits (Cornish and Garbary 2010). This alga accumulated N and P in tissue when exposed to high-nutrient seawater (Corey et al. 2012, even when growth was limited by other environmental factors ( Martínez and Rico 2002). In addi- tion, P. palmata grew well between 6 and 14°C Simpson 1981a, 1981b), similar to Atlantic halibut. m deep with a surface area of 1.32 m 2 and volume of 1.25 m 3 constructed of extruded plastic mesh (7 × 7 mm mesh size; Vexar, DuPont, Toronto, Canada). The cages were suspended at the water surface within the waste water collection sump (4.9 × 5.7 × 1.65 m deep) of the recirculat- ing systems (Fig. 2). Nine of these cages were used in each of the three culture ...
Context 2
... rate of P. palmata varied with season (Fig. 3). The effect of time, system, and the combination of these two factors on growth was highly significant (p < 0.001) ( Table 2). Growth rate in Effluent system 1 was highest at the end of April with 1.10% d -1 at 8.1 to 8.5°C. Growth was most vigorous at this point, older tissues were generating new plantlets at all margins, and a single plant had length up to 80 cm on 31 May 2010 ( Fig. 2). At this time, the bio- mass was increased to 8.3 kg FW m -2 . During June 2010, the combination of higher stocking density (9.8 kg FW m -2 ) and high temperature (>14°C) in Effluent 1 was as- sociated with a significant decline in growth rate. A simi- lar pattern was observed in Effluent 2. Highest growth rates of 1.08% d -1 occurred in June, immediately followed by a decrease in growth rate associated with the effluent warming to ...
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Citations
... To date, most cultivation efforts rely on vegetative propagations of wildharvested plants. Successful attempts have used material from whole young plants (Corey, Kim, Duston, & Garbary, 2014) to meristematic fragments (Pang & Lüning, 2006), recorded high, sustained growth rates (up to 15% d − 1 ) and have strong potential for use in commercial-scale operations. On the other hand, much remains unknown about the effects of these cultivation methods on the nutritional quality of P. palmata, as well as its consistency and reproducibility across different populations and environments. ...
... Reported growth rates of P. palmata vary widely depending on cultivation method, as reviewed by Grote (2019) and conditions, including light and nutrient availability (Corey et al., 2014;Schmedes & Nielsen, 2020a). Titlyanov et al. (2006) reported growth rates averaging 18.4% day − 1 over a 6-week period in meristematic fragments, which is a higher value compared to the one obtained in this study. ...
... However, these growth rates still displayed significant variation with a significant decline at the end of the experiment, as observed for the area size of NO fragments. Observed growth rates in this work outcompeted other vegetative propagation methods using marginal shoots (< 4% day − 1 at 80 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 ; Schmedes & Nielsen, 2020a) or entire plants (0.8% day − 1 at >100 μmol photons m − 2 s − 1 ; Corey et al., 2014). An alternative cultivation method using tetraspores to grow male gametophytes has been successfully implemented and yielded plantlets measuring 10-35 mm in length after 2-3 months in cultures (Edwards & Dring, 2011;Le Gall, Pien, & Rusig, 2004). ...
... Land-based aquaculture of red seaweed within the family Palmariaceae is gaining interest as a sustainable source of healthy food, food ingredients, and bioactive compounds (Grote, 2019;Stévant et al., 2023), particularly when used in conjunction with nitrogen removal for integrated multi-tropic aquaculture (IMTA) systems (Caines et al., 2014;Corey et al., 2014;Kim et al., 2013;Matos et al., 2006;Pereira et al., 2013). Palmaria species possess a leafy, branched thallus morphology that grows freely in liquid suspension to size of 10 to 20 cm. ...
... Furthermore, the physicochemical conditions of the culture medium could have been more stable in treatments with a lower frequency of medium exchange (two times a week or weekly), reducing the stress conditions. High inoculum densities can also negatively impact seaweed growth and development by reducing the availability of light, nutrients, and/or substrate [36,53,[55][56][57][58]. This factor did not significantly affect the biomass loss rate in our experiments. ...
Chondracanthus chamissoi is an edible red seaweed with a high hydrocolloid content and food industry demand. This situation has led to a decline in their populations, especially in Peru. An alternative culture method based on the formation of secondary attachment discs (SADs) has shown several advantages over traditional spore strategies. However, there are still scarce reports of the SAD method in Peru. This work aimed to evaluate the best conditions for C. chamissoi maintenance prior to SAD development and the effect of locality on SAD formation using scallop shells as a substratum. Experiments were conducted with material collected from five localities in Pisco (Ica, Peru). Our results showed that the best conditions for C. chamissoi maintenance were: (1) fertilized seawater with Bayfolan® (0.2 mL L−1); and (2) medium exchange every two days or weekly. These conditions reduced the biomass loss to 9.36–11.14%. Most localities showed a similar capacity to produce SADs (7–17 SADs shell−1). However, vegetative algae, especially Mendieta, tended to present a higher number of SADs. Vegetative fronds also showed lower levels of necrosis and deterioration compared to cystocarpic and tetrasporophytic samples. This study shows the technical feasibility of culturing C. chamissoi through SADs for developing repopulation and/or intensive cultivation projects in Peru.
... Small scale experiments of P. palmata cultivation have been carried out in tanks based on the vegetative propagation of juvenile fronds (Morgan et al. 1980a), whole adult thalli (Pang and Lüning 2004a;Corey et al. 2014), apical meristematic thallus pieces (Morgan and Simpson 1981a, b;Pang and Lüning 2006), marginal proliferations Schmedes and Nielsen 2020b) and isolated meristematic fragments as starting material for land-based cultivation. While acceptable growth rates have been achieved under experimental settings e.g. ...
... The use of high-density substrates such as nets or textile sheets, extended hatchery time and multiple sequential harvests will result in higher yields per unit area (Werner and Dring 2011a; Schmedes 2020). Furthermore, relatively high growth performance of P. palmata may be achieved in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems where the species is grown using nutrient effluents from finfish production either in land-based facilities (Matos et al. 2006;Kim et al. 2013;Corey et al. 2014;Grote 2016;Levinsen 2020) or aquaculture sites at sea (Sanderson et al. 2012) highlighting the bioremediation potential of the species. ...
Palmaria palmata, commonly referred to as dulse, is a well-known and highly valued red macroalga distributed along the North Atlantic shores within a latitude range of approximately 40 to 80 °N. It is a species of commercial importance with historical records of use as food dating back several centuries to the current harvesting of dulse by hand-picking on the foreshore in Western Europe as well as Canada (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) and USA (Maine). Because the demand for P. palmata increases and future sustainable commercial developments cannot rely solely on wild-harvested biomass, significant efforts have been made by research and industrial actors to cultivate the species. The low rates of spore release and germination, high mortality and epibiont contaminations remain major bottlenecks and point towards the need for optimized hatchery methods to enable upscaling the biomass production. The present review summarizes the available knowledge related to the biology, including the unique life history of the species among the Rhodophyta, the ecology as well as the nutrient composition and quality of P. palmata as food. Recent advances in taxonomy and cultivation techniques are reported along with a status of regulations for the commercial harvest of wild populations. An outlook on future industrial perspectives using biomass of P. palmata is also given.
... Besides the positive effects on growth on the two opportunistic species Ulva and Porphyra, species richness did not influence growth in Chondrus and Palmaria. Chondrus and Palmaria are slower growing in comparison to Ulva and Porphyra (Sharp 1987, Corey et al. 2014). The period of nine days, during which the experiment was conducted, might have been too short to detect any differences in growth between monocultures and polycultures in the slower-growing species. ...
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors; however, intensive farming techniques of finfish have raised environmental concerns, especially through the release of excessive nutrients into surrounding waters. Biodiversity has been widely shown to enhance ecosystem functions and services, but there has been limited testing or application of this key ecological relationship in aquaculture. This study tested the applicability of the biodiversity-function relationship to integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), asking whether species richness can enhance the efficiency of macroalgal bioremediation of wastewater from finfish aquaculture. Five macroalgal species (Chondrus crispus, Fucus serratus, Palmaria palmata, Porphyra dioica, and Ulva sp.) were cultivated in mono- and polyculture in water originating from a lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) hatchery. Total seaweed biomass production, specific growth rates (SGR), and the removal of ammonium (NH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup>), total oxidised nitrogen (TON), and phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub> <sup>3-</sup>) from the wastewater were measured. Species richness increased total seaweed biomass production by 11% above the average component monoculture, driven by an increase in up to 5% in SGR of fast-growing macroalgal species in polycultures. Macroalgal species richness further enhanced ammonium uptake by 25%, and TON uptake by nearly 10%. Phosphate uptake was not improved by increased species richness. The increased uptake of NH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> and TON with increased macroalgal species richness suggests the complementary use of different nitrogen forms (NH<sub>4</sub> <sup>+</sup> vs. TON) in macroalgal polycultures. The results demonstrate enhanced bioremediation efficiency by increased macroalgal species richness and show the potential of integrating biodiversity- function research to improve aquaculture sustainability.
... The biomass and yield of U. rigida ranged between 467 -1433 g in sixteen days without enriched nutrients. The U. rigida biomass observed during our research differed to that of U. lactuca in flow-through culture system by Neori et al., (1991), but were similar to the results obtained by Corey et al. (2014). However, some findings with Ulva cultivation have shown an array of disparities in the cultivation conditions. ...
The increase in integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), where seaweed (particularly Ulva rigida C. Agardh, 1823) is used as a feedstock and a wastewater scrubber in South African IMTA systems, has necessitated research into seaweed growth rates, which has subsequently increased production technologies. Seaweed growth can be increased by controlling the culture media. One of the means to control growth rate is through CO2 gas addition to culture media via aeration. This has the potential added benefit of using waste CO2 production from an alternative source to decrease overall carbon dioxide emissions. The consequence of elevated CO2 concentration on the pH of culture medium and the equivalent functional reactions in the seaweed were examined using U. rigida in flow-through systems. Toxicity investigation of Hydrogen ion concentrations were carried out on U. rigida to examine their anatomy cum functional differences arising due to CO2 exerted stress. Elevated CO2 levels and the accompanying decrease in culture media pH (4.71 – 6.67) lead to a significant decrease in biomass with varied sporulation activities. In addition, U. rigida in flow-through systems showed a gradual degeneration in specific growth rate, from day 7, at varying rates until the end of the experiment in the following sequence pH 7.20 > 8.20 > 7.50 > 7.80. The treatment set at pH 7.20 yielded the greatest specific biomass and the greatest produce. The cultured input stocking rate of 5 g.l-1 of seawater proved to be suitable for cultivation. The pH toxicity reaction was significant in predicting the suitability of seaweed cultured under CO2 induced concentrations.
... Macroalgae also increase revenue as it is a product with economic value. Some studies have been conducted with seaweed nutrient uptake in RAS (Demetropoulos and Langdon 2004;Corey et al. 2014;He et al. 2014;Tremblay-Gratton et al 2018). Nonetheless, there are still knowledge gaps on the potential of cultivating some seaweed using synthetic seawater. ...
Using synthetic seawater is an opportunity to turn marine aquaculture toward more independence from coastal areas and natural seawater. Although synthetic seawater can increase production costs, it is a reality for some marine ornamental aquaculture producers and aquarium operators. For example, the capacity of macroalgae to absorb dissolved inorganic nutrients is a desirable feature when using these plants in integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the potential of culturing three distinct gracilarioid algae, Gracilaria caudata, Gracilaria domingensis, and Gracilariopsis tenuifrons, in eutrophic synthetic seawater collected from a running commercial clownfish aquaculture system. We also provide a preliminary assessment of their capacity to bioremediate inorganic nitrogen and phosphate under the same conditions. The experiment was carried out for 21 days, and all seaweeds grew and remained healthy. Gp. tenuifrons showed higher mean (± SD) growth rate (11.2 ± 1.1% day⁻¹), followed by G. caudata (7.8 ± 0.6% day⁻¹) and G. domingensis (4.6 ± 0.2% day⁻¹). Gracilaria caudata and Gp. tenuifrons showed higher absorption (P < 0.05) of ammonium and phosphate, with a mean reduction of 92.1% of NH4⁺-N and 3.4% of PO4⁻-P. While all three species could be cultured in eutrophic synthetic seawater and take up ammonium and phosphate, Gp. tenuifrons showed the best growth and both Gp. tenuifrons and G. caudata showed better potential to bioremediate nutrients in these conditions.
... Successful implementation of the IMTA project can help maintain seawater nutrient levels and encourage seaweed cultivation on a large scale. Fish excrete nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (Neori et al., 2004;Corey et al., 2014); these nutrients can be utilised by seaweed (Korzen et al., 2015). For example, in a single year, one ton of finfish can produce approximately 50 kg of N and 7 kg of P (Kim et al., 2013;Buck et al., 2017), although these numbers can be much higher depending on finfish type, growth rate, age, and cultivation conditions (Forrest et al., 2007). ...
Coastal areas of India have a big potential for establishing renewable energy projects, which are generally regarded as green energy sources. However, such projects' construction work may cause a negative environmental impact on the surrounding waters. Aquaculture projects based on seaweed and fisheries, commonly referred to as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), can help to mitigate these impacts. Although the purpose of any IMTA is to recirculate the waste products from cultivated species and not to mitigate the environmental impacts of energy projects, IMTA may serve as a complementary activity to compensate for the environmental impacts of marine energy projects. In return, marine energy projects can provide a few facilities to IMTA projects in their areas. IMTA projects are already practised in some parts of the world; however, rare examples are available with marine energy projects. This study aims to put an idea of potential IMTA projects in the areas of the proposed first offshore wind farm in India. This study also recommends the possible utilisation of the potential tidal energy plant in the estuary as a nursery for a few species in IMTA on the western coast of India. In addition, the current study discussed some major challenges, such as seasonal variations, ecological risks, selection of IMTA components, legal, economic and regulatory and social acceptance. Overcoming these challenges can promote further development of IMTA projects in Indian coastal waters.
... 50 ; Appendix Table S2), whilst the only study including C reported extraction efficiencies of 2-5%. 51 The highest N extraction efficiencies were achieved in balance studies (up to 100%; ...
One of the bottlenecks for commercial implementation of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is the difficulty in quantifying its environmental performance. We reviewed a large body of literature to determine the variability in nutrient dynamics within different IMTA systems (open sea-cages, land-based flow-through and recirculating aquaculture systems), with the aim to provide a generic framework to quantify nutrient retention efficiencies in integrated aquaculture systems. Based on the eco-physiological requirements of the cultured species, as well as the response of “extractive” species to waste from “fed” species, the maximum retention efficiency was defined for a conceptual four-species marine IMTA system (fish–seaweed–bivalve–deposit feeder). This demonstrated that 79%–94% of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon supplied with fish feed could theoretically be retained. In practice, however, various biological and environmental factors may limit retention efficiencies and thereby influence the bioremediation of IMTA systems. These biological (waste production, stoichiometry in nutrient requirements) and environmental (temporal and spatial connectivity) factors were therefore evaluated against the theoretical reference frame and showed that efficiencies of 45%–75% for closed systems and 40%–50% for open systems are more realistic. This study is thereby the first to provide quantitative estimates for nutrient retention across IMTA systems, demonstrating that a substantial fraction of nutrients released from fish culture units can be retained by extractive species and subsequently harvested. Furthermore, by adapting this framework to the design and the condition prevailing for a specific IMTA system, it becomes a generic tool to analyse the system's bioremediation potential and explore options for further improvement.
... Thirty percent of the introduced nitrogen can be removed if 0.03% of the ocean surface area can be brought under seaweed culture (Bjerregaard et al. 2016;Kim et al. 2017). This way, seaweed can remove inorganic nutrients from ocean water and have a great impact on the mitigation of adverse environmental impacts (Neori et al. 2004(Neori et al. , 2007Corey et al. 2012Corey et al. , 2014Kim et al. 2013Kim et al. , 2014Kim et al. , 2015bRose et al. 2015;Wu et al. 2017). ...
Seaweed production (both culture and natural) has increased compared with in the past. It occupies a strong position in the food supply and meets global food demand. Seaweed emerges as a powerful tool to mitigate and adapt to climate change. It acts as a carbon sink by sequestrating carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean. It can reduce the carbon emission from agricultural fields by improving the soil quality. It also minimizes the emissions of methane gas when mixed in cattle food. Seaweed increases the pH of water thus reducing the ocean acidification phenomena. As a result, aquatic organisms such as finfish, shellfish, corals, and invertebrates find a suitable place to live in. It produces trace gas (e.g., volatile brominated and iodinated halocarbons) that deplete the ozone. Seaweed dampens wave energy during storms and protects the coast as climate change adaptation. Seaweed provides oxygen to the ocean water, which minimizes the issue of de-oxygenation. It offers habitats and food for important components of the marine ecosystem that have a great impact on the climate. Seaweed provides biofuels, fertilizer, medicine, and food for human consumption. In this review, we emphasize the role of seaweed in climate change mitigation and adaptation. Seaweed cultivation can be optimized to get maximum climate benefits and increase the livelihood status of the seaweed farmer.
Link of chapter: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-71950-0_5
