Fig 24 - uploaded by Shuzhong Shen
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Paleogeographic distribution of some representative Ordovician graptolite taxa in South China (revised from Zhang et al. 2010). The green triangles and light grey shaded area in the western portion of the study area indicate the geographic distribution of Corymbograptus turgidus and its close relatives; the white rectangles and light red shaded area from the middle to the east indicate the geographic distribution of Undulograptus austrodentatus; the blue diamonds and light blue shaded area indicate the geographic distribution of Isograptus and Parisograptus; the red circles and the light green, small, shaded area indicate the geographic distribution of Pseudisograptus. When taxon distribution is cross linked with biostratigraphic age data a clear pattern of evolutionary biogeography emerges. The distribution in the Upper Yangtze Region of these taxa indicate that axonophorans originated in deep, offshore environments from isograptid and pseudisograptid ancestors and subsequently migrated into shallow water regions (Zhang and Chen 2007, 2008). These data were updated based on records in the GBDB.
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The Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB - www.geobiodiversity.com), an integrated system for the management and analysis of stratigraphic and paleontological information, was started in 2006 and became available online in 2007. Its goal is to facilitate regional and global scientific collaborations focused on regional and global correlation, quantitativ...
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... the diversity and paleobiogeographic distribution patterns of Early and Middle Ordovician graptolites in South China. They investigated the bio- geographic distribution of four graptolite groups with different ecological preferences, including Pseudiso- graptus, Isograptus-Parisograptus, Undulograptus austrodentatus, and Corymbograptus turgidus (Fig. 24), and found that there was a parallelism between the dis- tribution of different groups of taxa and the coast or shelf margin, suggesting that the distributions of the four groups may be controlled by water depth, basin morphology, and/or the distance from the ...
Citations
... Wang et al., 2021) and Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB) (http://www.geobiodiversity.com/, Fan et al., 2013). During the reconstruction, the GPlates software (http://www.gplates.org/, ...
The Carboniferous-Permian strata of the North China Block (NCB) contain significant economic reserves of coal and gas. In this paper, a comprehensive dataset comprising 401 stratigraphic sections encompassing the Carboniferous-Permian transition in the NCB is compiled from the OneStratigraphy and Geobiodiversity databases. We conducted quantitative analyses of this dataset using ArcGIS and GPlates software, and utilized an up to date plate motion model, to perform a dynamic palaeogeographical reconstruction. The spatio-temporal distribution of depositional facies were also analysed, including basement terranes, fluvio-lacustrine settings, swamps, shorelines, tidal flats, and carbonate platforms. Our reconstructions reveal that the NCB was flanked by basement areas of the Yinshan-Yanshan landmass in the north and the Qinling-Dabie landmass in the south. Peat (coal) deposition occurred across a range of terrestrial to coastal environments, including fluvio-lacustrine settings, deltas, shorelines and tidal flats. Carbonaceous and organic-rich clastic rocks also developed in these areas while organic-rich carbonate rocks were primarily deposited in carbonate platform. The conditions conducive to peat (coal) formation were intricately connected to eustatic fluctuations, which resulted in frequent transgressions and regressions. The sea-level fluctuations during the Pennsylvanian might be, in part, a response to both the waxing and waning of continental ice sheets and tectonic process in the northern margin of the NCB. In contrast, sea-level changes during the early Permian were probably controlled by the tectonic process only. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of palaeogeographical evolution of the NCB during the Carboniferous and Permian transition, in response to eustatic and palaeoclimate change, and sheds light on resource accumulation based on quantitative analyses.
... It is typically these records of taxa at a given place and time that are compiled for larger-scale analyses. The analysis of data compilations has deep roots in paleontology (e.g., Phillips 1860;Newell 1952Newell , 1967Harland 1967;Sepkoski et al. 1981;Sepkoski 1984), and the development of online databases (e.g., ART [Raja et al. 2022a]; BioDeepTime [Smith et al. 2023b]; Geobiodiversity Database [Fan et al. 2013]; Neotoma [Williams et al. 2018]; Neptune Sandbox Berlin [Renaudie et al. 2020]; Paleobiology Database, https://paleobiodb.org; PARED [Kiessling and Krause 2022]; Triton [Fenton et al. 2021]) in the last two decades has helped make these types of analyses a cornerstone of modern paleontology ( Supplementary Fig. S1). ...
Data compilations expand the scope of research; however, data citation practice lags behind advances in data use. It remains uncommon for data users to credit data producers in professionally meaningful ways. In paleontology, databases like the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) enable assessment of patterns and processes spanning millions of years, up to global scale. The status quo for data citation creates an imbalance wherein publications drawing data from the PBDB receive significantly more citations (median: 4.3 ± 3.5 citations/year) than the publications producing the data (1.4 ± 1.3 citations/year). By accounting for data reuse where citations were neglected, the projected citation rate for data-provisioning publications approached parity (4.2 ± 2.2 citations/year) and the impact factor of paleontological journals (n = 55) increased by an average of 13.4% (maximum increase = 57.8%) in 2019. Without rebalancing the distribution of scientific credit, emerging “big data” research in paleontology—and science in general—is at risk of undercutting itself through a systematic devaluation of the work that is foundational to the discipline.
... fulfils the requirement of recording genuine fossil absences from sedimentary strata. The GBDB is a vessel for stratigraphic columns, representing measured sections and providing rock units and fossil collections with geological context (Fan et al. 2013), be they with or without fossil remains. Here, we use the macro-stratigraphical and palaeontological data from the GBDB to derive patterns of both genus diversity and rock quantity through the whole Phanerozoic. ...
The congruence between rock quantity and biodiversity through the Phanerozoic has long been acknowledged. Rock record bias and common cause are the most discussed hypotheses: the former emphasizes that the changes in diversity through time fully reflect rock availability; the latter posits that the correlation between rock and fossil records is driven by a common cause, such as sea-level changes. Here, we use the Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB), a large compilation of the rock and fossil records, to test the rock bias hypothesis. In contrast to other databases on fossil occurrences, the section-based GBDB also records unfossiliferous units. Our multiple regression analysis shows that 85% of the variation in sampled diversity can be attributed to the rock record, meaning that major peaks and drops in observed diversity are mainly due to the rock record. Our results support a strong covariation between the number of unfossiliferous units and sampled diversity, indicating a genuine rock bias that arose from sampling effort that is independent of fossil content. This provides a compelling argument that the rock record bias is more prominent than common cause in explaining large-scale variations in sampled diversity. Our study suggests that (1) no single proxy can fully represent rock record bias in predicting biodiversity, (2) rock bias strongly governs sampled diversity in both marine and terrestrial communities, and (3) unfossiliferous strata contain critical information in predicting diversity of marine and terrestrial animals.
... Following the appearance of most animal phyla during the "Cambrian Explosion" 1 , the Ordovician reflects their rapid diversification at lower taxonomic levels during the "Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event" (GOBE) 2 . This radiation constitutes the most prominent increase in the biodiversity of marine organisms during the entire Phanerozoic 3,4 . It was already identified in the seminal work of Sepkoski 5 and stands in most recent compilations 3,4 , although the timing of its onset is strongly dependent on the studied taxonomic group and geographical region considered 6 . ...
... This radiation constitutes the most prominent increase in the biodiversity of marine organisms during the entire Phanerozoic 3,4 . It was already identified in the seminal work of Sepkoski 5 and stands in most recent compilations 3,4 , although the timing of its onset is strongly dependent on the studied taxonomic group and geographical region considered 6 . ...
Global cooling has been proposed as a driver of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, the largest radiation of Phanerozoic marine animal Life. Yet, mechanistic understanding of the underlying pathways is lacking and other possible causes are debated. Here we couple a global climate model with a macroecological model to reconstruct global biodiversity patterns during the Ordovician. In our simulations, an inverted latitudinal biodiversity gradient characterizes the late Cambrian and Early Ordovician when climate was much warmer than today. During the Mid-Late Ordovician, climate cooling simultaneously permits the development of a modern latitudinal biodiversity gradient and an increase in global biodiversity. This increase is a consequence of the ecophysiological limitations to marine Life and is robust to uncertainties in both proxy-derived temperature reconstructions and organism physiology. First-order model-data agreement suggests that the most conspicuous rise in biodiversity over Earth’s history – the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event – was primarily driven by global cooling.
... The seminal work of Sepkoski et al. (1,2) constituted a milestone in the quantitative reconstruction of marine (invertebrate) biodiversity over the Phanerozoic (past 541 Ma). Subsequently, the development of community paleobiological databases (3,4), combined with more robust statistical methods to reduce the impact of sampling and preservation biases (3,5), has led to further refinements in the Phanerozoic biodiversity curve. However, key features of the long-term global biodiversity patterns are robust, particularly the Early Paleozoic (Cambrian and Ordovician) increase in standing biodiversity, the Permian-Triassic drop and Early Mesozoic recovery, with a rise to peak Phanerozoic biodiversity during the Late Mesozoic through Cenozoic (5). ...
The geological record of marine animal biodiversity reflects the interplay between changing rates of speciation versus extinction. Compared to mass extinctions, background extinctions have received little attention. To disentangle the different contributions of global climate state, continental configuration, and atmospheric oxygen concentration (pO2) to variations in background extinction rates, we drive an animal physiological model with the environmental outputs from an Earth system model across intervals spanning the past 541 million years. We find that climate and continental configuration combined to make extinction susceptibility an order of magnitude higher during the Early Paleozoic than during the rest of the Phanerozoic, consistent with extinction rates derived from paleontological databases. The high extinction susceptibility arises in the model from the limited geographical range of marine organisms. It stands even when assuming present-day pO2, suggesting that increasing oxygenation through the Paleozoic is not necessary to explain why extinction rates apparently declined with time.
... The Geobiodiversity Database (GBDBwww.geobiodiversity.com), is an integrated system for the management and analysis of stratigraphic and palaeontological data (e.g., Fan et al., 2013Fan et al., , 2014. It was started in 2006 and was first available online in 2007. ...
... It allows regional and global scientific collaborations based on stratigraphical correlation and quantitative stratigraphy, and also on systematics, biodiversity dynamics, palaeogeography and palaeoecology. The GBDB became the formal database of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) in 2012 (Fan et al., 2013). The database, in addition to stratigraphical and palaeontological data, also started to include geochemical data (Fan et al., 2014). ...
... The rapid growth of data in the GBDB that included by 2012, data from over 35,000 collections with over 90,000 occurrences (Fan et al., 2013), and currently data from about 125,000 collections with over 500,000 occurrences, from over 25,000 sections and over 50,000 formations. The database was originally developed at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, China, one of the major research institutes for stratigraphy and paleontology in the world, that hosts the server and the supercomputer (Tianhe II) to run the analyses. ...
... A published high-resolution marine species number ) was used to conduct cyclostratigraphic analysis. The values in this series, reflecting the relative changes in marine biodiversity, were assigned through data standardization in the Geobiodiversity Database (Fan et al., 2013). A series of marine species was obtained from 11,000 marine fossil species through the implementation of the constrained optimization method (CONOP.SAGA) on the Tianhe II supercomputer. ...
... In addition, the use of different databases can cause bias in biodiversity studies. The two main databases, the PBDB (Peters and McClennen, 2016) and Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB) (Fan et al., 2013), are not truly global databases but are regional databases acting as proxies for global biodiversity change . Data in the PBDB are concentrated in North America and Western Europe (the main regions corresponding to the ancient continents of Laurentia and Baltica) and for many taxonomic groups the data in the PBDB are not complete . ...
... The Geobiodiversity Database (GBDB -www.geobiodiversity.com) was initiated in 2006 and was first available online in 2007 as an integrated system for the management and analysis of stratigraphic and palaeontological data (e.g., Fan et al., 2013Fan et al., , 2014. In comparison to the PBDB that is collection-based, the GBDB is a section-based database that includes not only data from palaeontologists, but also from specialists in sedimentology and geochemistry and other related disciplines. ...
The Ordovician biodiversification is considered one of the most significant radiations in the marine ecosystems of the entire Phanerozoic. Originally recognized as the Ordovician Radiation, a label retained during most of the 1980s and 1990s, the term Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) was coined in the late 1990s and was subsequently adopted by most of the scientific community. The Ordovician biodiversification, has always been considered as a long-term adaptive radiation, resulting in the sum of the different individual diversifications of all groups of marine organisms that occurred diachronously during the entire Ordovician. More recently, based on different palaeontological datasets, comprising data from different palaeogeographical areas, the Ordovician radiation has been interpreted to occur at different times in different places. This is most probably related to the palaeogeography of the Ordovician, when the major palaeocontinents were variously located in low latitudes to develop biodiversity hotspots during different time intervals. In particular, some authors, using the potentially biased dataset of the Paleobiology Database (PBDB), have considered the GOBE to be an early Middle Ordovician global bio-event. Accordingly, the GOBE thus apparently corresponds to a relatively short time interval, with dramatic diversity fluctuations resulting in a profound change in marine environments at a global scale, visible by a major pulse in biodiversification of all fossil groups around the world. A critical analysis of the published biodiversity curves and of our own data confirm the traditional view; the Ordovician radiation is a complex, long-term process of multiple biodiversifications of marine organisms. Rapid increases in diversity can be identified for some fossil groups, at regional or palaeocontinental levels, in particular within limited datasets. However, a short, dramatic event that triggered major biodiversity pulses of all fossil groups at a global level at a particular time interval is an oversimplification.
... In this study, a dataset of graptolite occurrences from 11 localities in the outer Yangtze Sea through the upper Katian-middle Hirnantian stage was compiled from the online Geobiodiversity Database (Table S1-S2; http://www.geobiodiversity.com; Fan et al., 2013). ...
Two pulses of faunal mortality occurred during the Late Ordovician mass extinction (ca. 445 Ma). This biocrisis is recorded in Hirnantian strata of South China as a stepwise extinction of graptolites in both the hydrologically semi-restricted inner and open outer Yangtze Sea. Although expanded marine euxinia is widely regarded as the main cause of the biocrisis, the spatial-temporal pattern and driving mechanisms behind redox changes, as well as the extent to which they influenced marine faunas, remain unclear. Here, we present a study of mid-shelf and outer-shelf sections of the less-studied outer Yangtze Sea, based on an integrated suite of geochemical proxies [i.e., iron speciation, pyrite δ³⁴S (δ³⁴Spy), and major- and trace-element data] to provide insight into changes in marine redox conditions, chemical weathering rates, and primary productivity across the Hirnantian Glaciation. Iron speciation ratios and trace-element enrichment factors show that euxinia appeared in mid-shelf settings during the late Katian, subsequently expanded into deeper waters, and then diminished during the Hirnantian Glaciation and expanded again thereafter. Expansions of euxinia across the outer Yangtze Sea prior to and after the Hirnantian Glaciation may have been the result of both elevated primary productivity, as indicated by elevated organic carbon accumulation rates (OCAR), and increased sulfate weathering inputs due to preglacial and postglacial enhanced fresh-rock exposure on land. However, we propose that the local development of euxinia was controlled mainly by sulfate availability, which depended on continental weathering intensity—a hypothesis supported by strong covariant relationships between the chemical index of alteration (CIA, a weathering proxy), redox proxies, and δ³⁴Spy values. The contraction of oceanic euxinia during the main glacial interval was caused by a reduction in continental weathering intensity; contemporaneously weaker euxinia, as well as higher δ³⁴Spy values, in outer-shelf relative to mid-shelf areas may have been due to limited terrestrial sulfate supply in deeper sites and small sulfate reservoir in the open ocean during the glaciation. Persistence of euxinia in the outer Yangtze Sea after the termination of the main glacial interval is evidence of a growing sulfate reservoir in early Silurian oceans, probably due to increased continental weathering. Furthermore, the comparision of the redox and fossil records indicates that elevated extinctions among mesopelagic graptolites coincided with enhanced euxinia in the outer Yangtze Sea, supporting the hypothesis that redox changes were the main stressor of both benthic fauna and some zooplankton. Our results highlight the interrelated influences of climate, continental weathering, and riverine sulfate fluxes on marine redox variations and the biotic crisis of the Late Ordovician.
