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... IAMs do not take into account the differences in policies adopted by different countries that are dependent on ideology, social system and climate change adaptation (Swart & Raes, 2007;Tubi et al., 2012). The unique national policy of a country would have a significant regulatory effect on various regional sectors (Bennett, 2008), especially in the case of specific land use (Reidsma et al., 2011). ...
... However, this downscaling strategy lacks local expert knowledge and regional government decision-making characteristics. Additionally, the mitigation policy in the SSP-RCP scenarios is a relatively static and does not account for the adaptive capacity of countries at the spatial and temporal scales when adopting mitigation policies (Swart & Raes, 2007;Tubi et al., 2012). Land system change is a complex and unpredictable process, which means there are a lot of future pathways that remain to be discovered (Meyfroidt et al., 2022). ...
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Land plays a crucial role in human well‐being, but it is under threat from climate change and anthropogenic activities. In this study, we used computer models to predict how the land cover in China will change from 2030 to 2100 under different scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and climate policies. Our finding indicates that some climate policies may have negative effects on the land cover, such as cultivating natural areas into croplands for bioenergy production. On the other hand, some regions may benefit from warmer temperatures and more precipitation, which can help restore the natural ecosystems. Furthermore, our analysis revealed different patterns of land cover change across China's provinces, offering insights into ecological risks and potential opportunities for future land management strategies. Our study shows that we need to consider the impacts of climate policies on the land cover before implementing them and balance the trade‐offs between mitigation and adaptation goals.
... Thus PCA enables the discovery of key patterns as well as latent variables which explain the underlying distribution in multivariate data (Vona & Nicolli, 2014;Nesta et al., 2014;Botta & Kozluk;Tubi et al., 2012). If, however, the 'normality assumption' is violated (due to skewness and kurtosis of the distribution), the pairwise correlations that build the PCs will become biased. ...
Quantitative environmental policy indicators are useful for modeling the impact of environmental policy on the economy. They can be important tools for policy-makers, companies, investors, and researchers alike. Well-crafted environmental policies lead to cleaner environments whilst encouraging innovative behaviour to stimulate green growth and ‘win-wins’ for the economy and the environment. Such win-win policies are increasingly sought out by policymakers, evidenced in the growing number of green 'new deals' and 'net zero' carbon emissions pledges at a national level. But there is a gap between the needs for environmental policy data and the supply of reliable indicators and indexes. This disconnect has negative consequences for policy feedback as well as the inducement of potential innovators of environmental technologies. While there are now a wide range of indicators and indexes, these largely remain inadequate for various reasons. This is disappointing considering the immense progress that has been made in machine learning and pattern discovery methods—methods that are already fully deployed in other research disciplines. Such automated techniques can limit human biases which currently plague the environmental indicator’s scholarship. Against this backdrop, the main objective of this paper is to highlight how researchers can carefully collect these data and augment the effectiveness of environmental policy indicators. This is an important research area that, apart from a handful of studies, is not sufficiently developed.
... Baranzini et al. (2003) and Buys et al. (2009) suggest that climate-related disasters can lead to significant carbon emission reductions. Dolšak (2001), Tubi et al. (2012), and Kammerer and Namhata (2018), however, do not find a significant effect. ...
... For example, following the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami and Fukushima nuclear disaster, Mochizuki and Chang (2017) discovered that communities that were more affected by the tsunami decided to implement more ambitious renewable energy policies than those less affected. While this potential mechanism has been investigated to some extent at the local government level, there is still a research gap on the country level (Tubi et al. 2012). ...
Long-standing meteorological research has established that anthropogenic climate change increases the risk and intensity of extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones, floods, and forest fires. However, comparatively little is known about the impact of such events on policy ambition. Studies on the topic emerged only recently and tend to focus on individual country cases. A comprehensive cross-country perspective is still missing. This article addresses the gap in the literature using large-scale analyses on the basis of country-level data from 2008 to 2017. The findings indicate that extreme weather events propel only highly functioning democracies to tackle climate change. Effects among remaining country cases are insignificant. This variation in the data can be attributed to democracies’ concern for the common good and the perspectives of those most affected by climate-related disasters.
... The differences in national climate policies are often explained in the literature by referring to macrolevel economic and political structures, such as a country's dependency on fossil fuels, its vulnerability to climate change, its wealth or its administrative capacity (Fisher, 2006). From this perspective, climate policy leaders tend to be those countries that stand to gain from adopting climate change mitigation policies (Creutzig & He, 2009;Nemet, Holloway, & Meier, 2010) or are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change (Tubi, Fischhendler, & Feitelson, 2012). In contrast, laggard countries tend to be highly dependent on fossil fuels and have high levels of GHG emissions per capita. ...
Explaining collaboration between actors involved in policy processes is crucial for understanding these processes and their outcomes. The policy science literature has advanced several hypotheses explicating what enables or hinders collaboration. However, only a handful of studies compare these factors across different policy contexts. This paper investigates the role of beliefs and influence in shaping collaboration under conditions of high and low conflict by estimating Exponential Random Graph Models using network survey data on the climate policy domains in four countries. Results show that both beliefs and influence are associated with the formation of collaboration ties in the high conflict contexts of South Korea and the United States, whereas neither are significant in the low conflict contexts of Sweden and Switzerland. By considering the level of conflict, our findings provide a more nuanced understanding of when beliefs and influence shape collaboration patterns.
... Dolsâk (2001) states that vulnerability indeed does not have a significant impact on domestic mitigation efforts. Tubi et al. (2012) later reaffirms Dolsâk's (2001) findings. Among internal political factors, partisanship is salient in explaining policy adoption. ...
The requirement of bottom-up action from all the countries to deal with climate change makes it necessary to analyze the factors influencing policy adoption. This article contributes to the policy literature by shedding light on the conditions, which incentivize countries to adopt more climate mitigation policies. The theoretical argument builds on the integrated approaches to study policy diffusion, which include both internal and external determinants as explanations for the adoption of policies. While previous applications typically operationalize the latter by regional proximity, this study highlights the added value of network dependencies capturing political and cooperative interactions across countries. The article finds that the adoption of climate policies is a matter of social influence. Countries are more likely to adopt policies if they cooperate with countries that have adopted more climate policies and are in a similar structural position to countries that are active in climate protection. This article not only is an important theoretical contribution to the policy literature but also enriches our methodological and empirical understanding of climate policy diffusion.
... The existing literature often seeks to address the politics of climate change in multivariate studies (e.g., Harrison et al. 2010;LaChapelle 2013;Tubi et al. 2012;Dolsak 2001;Dolsak 2009;Bailer 2014;Zeynup 2016), although a variable of seemingly vast import in politics is often neglected in a systematic review-the citizens who form the nation. The role of public attitudes and beliefs in affecting action on climate change, specifically, has been insufficiently examined, even as comparative studies on climate change mitigation are budding (Dolsak 2009) and increasingly called upon, with a domestic reorientation, to address the mitigation problem (e.g., LaChapelle 2013; Purdon 2015;Falkner 2016;Duit et al. 2015). ...
... Conversely, as the state further varying in strength and capacity (Midgal 1988), each measure has been found to positively relate to policy commitment and action on climate change (Dolsak 2001;Tubi 2012). ...
... Whereas democracies have been found to be more prone to stronger policy commitments to address climate change (Dolsak 2009), some with policy commitments have not necessarily resulted in better outcomes due in large part to institutional constraints (Tubi 2012;Bailer 2014;Ward, Cao, and Mukherjee 2014). For democracies, state capacity has been found to associate with higher environmental quality, as democratic incumbents tend to place more importance on social welfare than officials in non-democracies (Ward, Cao, and Mukherjee 2014). ...
Climate change is real, and it is being caused by human activities. It is also a collective action problem, and as such, must be addressed as a global effort. The Paris Agreement, an international accord meant to catalyze effective action on climate change to mitigate its worst effects, entered into force on November 6, 2016 by reaching the threshold for ratified parties. Since then, the action of setting climate change policy to meaningfully address the problem has shifted from the international down to the domestic frontier. It is now up to nation-states, at their own sovereign will, to establish nationally-determined contributions such that crisis is averted. Yet some countries are performing insufficiently, much worse or better than others. What can explain critical differences in climate change policy action on the domestic level? Under what conditions might the nation-state be more responsive to a collective action dilemma? This paper seeks to address a global quandary amid a greater urgency.
... shortage of reservoirs Tubi et al.,(2012), as well as impacts on health, leading to endemic outbreaks such as dengue and problems linked to lack or poor water quality Tanser et al., (2003). An extreme precipitation event is considered natural disaster when adversely affects the ecological, economic, social and cultural systems of a region (Castro et al., 2003). ...
The main objective was to create an indicator of agricultural vulnerability to drought in the Northeast of Brazil (NEB). The data used for precipitation belong to ANA (Agência Nacional das Águas) considering the climatological norm from 1979–2008. Data on agricultural productivity and demographic characteristics were obtained in the agricultural census of IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in 2006 and, finally, data on natural disasters in the period 1991–2010 with CEPED (Centro de Estudose Pesquisasem Engenhariae Defesa Civil). The Multivariate Statistical Analysis Factorial technique allowed to reduce the number of variables and to estimate a model of the sensitivity component that reproduced 42 % of the original variance, besides the factors trying to represent the productive dynamics of the NEB. The results show that the Southern NEB presented the highest degree of agricultural vulnerability (17,81–121,44) in the 2000 census, when compared to the census of 2010. In the Southwest it is observed that a part of the semi-arid region presented a moderate degree (0,74–1,08) and much higher in extension when compared to the 2000 census, evidencing that exposure to drought does not directly influence the agricultural sensitivity in the most productive areas of the region. The adaptive capacity factor presented significant results for the composition of the indicator of agricultural vulnerability, mainly in the semi-arid region that varied from (0,71–5,42). In this way, it is concluded that, between the census, the southern and central part of the NEB reduced agricultural vulnerability, but the region should benefit from early warning systems as well as the development and adoption of natural resources and technology management, with the objective of ducating producers about the potential impacts of extreme events.
... The significance of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol, for example, has been examined with reference to a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions by 16 % among annex-1 nations between 1990 and 2012 or with respect to global emissions which increased by 52 % over the same period (PBL 2013). Other studies, meanwhile, have examined how various factors affect mitigation action across nations (Tubi et al. 2012; Dolsak 2001 Dolsak , 2009 Baettig and Bernauer 2009). Our ability to similarly evaluate adaptation policy is limited. ...
Adaptation tracking seeks to characterize, monitor, and compare general trends in climate change adaptation over time and across nations. Recognized as essential for evaluating adaptation progress, there have been few attempts to develop systematic approaches for tracking adaptation. This is reflected in polarized opinions, contradictory findings, and lack of understanding on the state of adaptation globally. In this paper, we outline key methodological considerations necessary for adaptation tracking research to produce systematic, rigorous, comparable, and usable insights that can capture the current state of adaptation globally, provide the basis for characterizing and evaluating adaptations taking place, facilitate examination of what conditions explain differences in adaptation action across jurisdictions, and can underpin the monitoring of change in adaptation over time. Specifically, we argue that approaches to adaptation tracking need to (i) utilize a consistent and operational conceptualization of adaptation, (ii) focus on comparable units of analysis, (iii) use and develop comprehensive datasets on adaptation action, and (iv) be coherent with our understanding of what constitutes real adaptation. Collectively, these form the 4Cs of adaptation tracking (consistency, comparability, comprehensiveness, and coherency).
... However, such interventions will only be effective if they empower farmers to manage the risks well enough to minimise the negative effects. According to Tubi, Fischhendler and Feitelson (2012) the positive effect of adaptive capacity can be seen when the capacity to cope with unfavourable events or risks increases. Premchander (2003), who conducted a cross-sectional analysis on more than 90 countries asserts that NGOs, on the whole, were found to lead structural reforms by establishing specialised micro-financing institutions. ...
Institutional support such as social and financial assistance play vital role in helping the poor deal with poverty. Nevertheless, institutions are often criticised for its delayed delivery and weak monitoring of programs. This study attempts to investigate the role of institutions in helping farmers deal with their vulnerabilities to poverty. A structured socio-economic questionnaire from a three-round panel survey undertaken at 6-month interval targeting the farmers in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia is employed. The institution support is investigated in various areas that include effects on amount of production sold, head-count of cows, head-count of sheep and goats, head-count of hens and ducks, food storage and valuable things, savings and finally on farmers vulnerabilities. Results of the study indicate that institutions are inactive in providing assistance and support to farmers. Often, assistance is provided after an occurrence of a shock. Incidentally, the assistance provided does not reach all farmers, partly due to asymmetric information on the availability of the assistance or that farmers are not selected for the assistance. In most occasions, assistance is just not available to the farmers.
... However, such interventions will only be effective if they empower farmers to manage the risks well enough to minimise the negative effects. According to Tubi, Fischhendler and Feitelson (2012) the positive effect of adaptive capacity can be seen when the capacity to cope with unfavourable events or risks increases. Premchander (2003), who conducted a cross-sectional analysis on more than 90 countries asserts that NGOs, on the whole, were found to lead structural reforms by establishing specialised micro-financing institutions. ...
Institutional support such as social and financial assistance play vital role in helping the poor deal with poverty. Nevertheless, institutions are often criticised for its delayed delivery and weak monitoring of programs. This study attempts to investigate the role of institutions in helping farmers deal with their vulnerabilities to poverty. A structured socio-economic questionnaire from a three-round panel survey undertaken at 6-month interval targeting the farmers in Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia is employed. The institution support is investigated in various areas that include effects on amount of production sold, head-count of cows, head-count of sheep and goats, head-count of hens and ducks, food storage and valuable things, savings and finally on farmers vulnerabilities. Results of the study indicate that institutions are inactive in providing assistance and support to farmers. Often, assistance is provided after an occurrence of a shock. Incidentally, the assistance provided does not reach all farmers, partly due to asymmetric information on the availability of the assistance or that farmers are not selected for the assistance. In most occasions, assistance is just not available to the farmers.
