Figure 3 - uploaded by Maurizio Patrignani
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Packet injection: (1) An IPv4 packet is sent to a tunnel endpoint and is processed as if it had been sent by the tunnel other endpoint (dotted lines). (2) The encapsulated IPv6 packet is forwarded to the destination.
Source publication
Tunnels are widely used to improve security and to expand networks without having to deploy native infrastructure, and play an important role in the migration to IPv6. In this paper we introduce a number of techniques to detect, and collect information about IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels. We also show how a known tunnel can be used as a "vantage point" to l...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... 3 (Packet injection) Given two IPv4 addresses A 4 and B 4 , if there is a tunnel between A and B, it is possible to cause an arbitrary (though limited in size) IPv6 packet to enter the IPv6 network at interface B. This is done by sending, from any routable interface Z, an IPv6 packet encapsulated in an IPv4 packet with source and destination addresses A 4 and B 4 . Because its source address is A 4 , when the packet arrives at B it will be recognized as arriving from the tunnel and will be decapsulated and processed as if it had been sent by A (see Figure 3). Formally, we may write: where the payload of the two IPv6 packets is the same. ...
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Citations
... IPv6 paths are monitored in a similar way with traceroute6. A maximum transmission unit (MTU) detection algorithm, written by Colitti et al. [19], is run once per hour. In addition to the traceroute measurements, we use a tunnel discovery tool to identify different tunnels on those IPv6 paths. ...
Although packet delay and loss are two important parameters of the Internet performance, to the best of our knowledge, the evolution of large-scale IPv6 delay and loss performance has previously not been studied. In this paper, we analyze more than 600 end-to-end IPv6 paths between about 26 testboxes of RIPE Network Coordination Centre over two years, and compare the delay and loss performance over time with their IPv4 counterparts. We present and discuss the measurement methodologies and show that IPv6 paths have a higher delay and loss than their IPv4 counterparts. The main reason for the worse performance stems from IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels rather than from native IPv6 paths and such tunnels are still widely used today.
