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... The implementation of high-precision analog signal conversion in frequency selection devices requires the use of precision elements or calibration procedures using electronic components with controlled characteristics [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) [22][23][24][25][26] or digital potentiometer (DP) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] can be selected as adjustment elements. ...
... Fig. 1 shows two types of segmented DAC with voltage output. The architecture in Fig. 1a is called the Kelvin-Varley divider and consists of two or more "string DACs" [25]. Since there are buffers between the first and second stages, the DAC of the second stage is not an input, and the resistors in this chain do not have to be of the same rating as the resistors in the other. ...
... Buffer amplifiers (BU) are biased and this can cause non-monotony in the DAC. In a simpler configuration of the Kelvin-Varley divider [25] (Fig. 1a), the "A" DAC is always "lower" (with a lower potential) than the "B" DAC, and an additional tap labeled "A" on the LSB line DAC is not required. Data decoding is performed by only two priority encoders. ...
The most popular schemes of digital potentiometers (DP) and digital-to-analog converters (DAC) are considered. DP and DAC use how elements of parameter adjustment of active RC-filters. The circuits of the DAC on the Kelvin-Varley divider, the Kelvin divider based on the R-2R matrix, and the architecture of the DAC with a segmented circuit are shown. The internal structure of DP an Analog Devices and Intersil company is shown, and also the DP switching circuits in a tunable low-pass filter and a band-pass filter, a programmable inverting amplifier and a voltage regulator are presented.
... High-speed DAC cores are usually based on a currentsteering architecture. Examples include [4]: i) thermometer [5], ii) R-2R ladder network [6], iii) binary weighted [6], and iv) segmented [7]. These are shown in the schematics of Fig. 3. ...
We examine analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters (ADCs and DACs), as well as digital signal processing (DSP) functions for optical coherent modems.
