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... Peili [74] has suggested a ZnS-inorganic hydrogel CLs ( Figure 6) by copolymerizing ZnS-polymerizable group with HEMA monomer to get RI with a range of (1.38 -1.45) as the ZnS concentration varied from (30 to 60)wt% [74,75]. Poly (Glycidyl Methacrylate) (PGMA): High RI can be achieved by Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) ( Table 6) modification as Huinan [76] proposal; this is done by using a PGMAs selenide chain, The concentration of selenium has been varied by a certain percentages, the resultant polymer has RI of (1.719) and νd decreased to (11.3) [76]. Optical Polymers helped researchers to improve CLs performance as Jung [77] and his colleague did for PDMS-CLs [77]. ...Similar publications
![Refractive index value of liquid [19]](publication/341967373/figure/tbl1/AS:902109079814144@1592090973348/Refractive-index-value-of-liquid-19_Q320.jpg)
This study aims to develop and determine the feasibility of a physics practicum tool to determine the refractive index of fluids through measurement of apparent depth and real depth. The product development method used in this study was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. The results of this study, the refractive index of water is...
Citations
... Silicone hydrogel lenses, introduced in the late 1990s, combine the advantages of silicone and hydrogel materials, offering improved oxygen permeability and reducing the risk of corneal hypoxia [20]. Hybrid lenses, which combine a rigid gas permeable (RGP) center with a soft peripheral skirt, provide the benefits of both types of lenses, including crisp vision and comfort [21]. In recent years, novel fabrication techniques have opened up new possibilities in CL manufacturing. ...
This review paper delves into the advancements and innovations revolutionizing contact lens (CL) manufacturing, focusing on techniques and technologies aimed at improving vision quality and wearer comfort. The article begins by tracing the evolution of CL fabrication techniques, paying homage to Leonardo da Vinci’s early contributions. It then discusses traditional methods such as lathe-cutting, spincasting, molded lens fabrication, and the recent advent of 3D printing in CL production. The review further explores advanced CL designs, including spherical, aspheric, toric, and bifocal/multifocal CLs, highlighting their specific applications and benefits. Material innovations in lens manufacturing are examined, with an emphasis on silicone hydrogel CL, hybrid lenses combining different materials, and the development of biocompatible and gas-permeable (GP) materials. Evaluation of optical design efficiency is another crucial aspect covered in this paper, encompassing visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, through-focus curves, reading performance, peripheral refraction, and patient-reported outcomes for quality of vision. Additionally, the role of nanotechnology and surface modifications in enhancing lens properties is explored, along with advances in lens coating and surface treatments, including antimicrobial and UV protection coatings. Nanocomposites of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and TiO2 showed refractive indices between 1.52 and 1.59, while combining TiO2 NPs with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) yielded values ranging from 1.47 to 1.53. PGMA-TiO2 nanocomposites exhibited refractive indices between 1.47 and 1.50. Furthermore, nanocomposites of PVP-PVA-Ag with silver (Ag) NPs achieved higher refractive indices within the range of 1.45 to 1.49. This article concludes by discussing the challenges and future directions in CL manufacturing, focusing on addressing lens discomfort, improving oxygen permeability and moisture retention, and enhancing manufacturing efficiency and scalability. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the cutting-edge techniques and innovations transforming CL production and paving the way for improved vision correction and wearer satisfaction.
... Optical glass properties provide data of refractive indices over a wide range of successively used wavelengths and Abbe numbers at specific spectral lines as a measure of dispersion [3]. Nanoparticles with high refractive index can be incorporated into the polymer matrix to adjust the nanocomposites refractive index [4][5][6]. In the recent period, many polymers with high Abbe number and very high refractive index have been used [7][8][9][10][11][12].The development of the ( PMMA ) in 1960s facilitate the employment of the plastic lenses and made them the first choice in corneal lenses manufacturing in spite of the major disadvantage, that is, the Oxygen impermeability at that time [6]. ...
... Nanoparticles with high refractive index can be incorporated into the polymer matrix to adjust the nanocomposites refractive index [4][5][6]. In the recent period, many polymers with high Abbe number and very high refractive index have been used [7][8][9][10][11][12].The development of the ( PMMA ) in 1960s facilitate the employment of the plastic lenses and made them the first choice in corneal lenses manufacturing in spite of the major disadvantage, that is, the Oxygen impermeability at that time [6]. But in the later three decades Oxygen-permeable rigid materials were develop to get rid of this problem in the contact lenses ( Cls ). ...
This work on a compound polymer PMMA doped with some semi-metal oxides nanoparticles (SiO2, TiO2) NPs, intended to be utilized in corrective Contact Lenses. For this purpose the optical properties of the PMMA compound (PMMA+2%SiO2, PMMA+2%TiO2, and PMMA+1%SiO2+1%TiO2) NPs were measured and calculated to get the proper refractive indices and dispersion properties (Abbe number) for these compounds for optical design optimization.
Organic solar cells have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional inorganic solar cells due to their low cost, flexibility, and tunable properties. This mini review introduces a novel perspective on recent advancements in organic solar cells, providing an overview of the latest developments in materials, device architecture, and performance optimization. In contrast to existing literature, this review places a strong emphasis on the role of molecular engineering in achieving high power conversion efficiencies. It delves into the latest materials used in organic solar cells, including novel polymers and small molecules, showcasing their unique properties and potential for improved performance. Furthermore, the review explores cutting-edge device architectures, specifically tandem and multi-junction cells, which offer unprecedented opportunities for achieving higher efficiencies. The discussion on these advanced architectures highlights their potential and paves the way for future advancements in the field of organic solar cells. To maximize the performance of organic solar cells, this review also presents recent strategies for performance optimization, focusing on interface engineering, morphological control, and stability enhancement. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these strategies, the review enables readers to gain a deeper understanding of the underlying principles and techniques driving the improvement in device performance. By introducing this novel perspective on recent developments, this mini review offers researchers and practitioners a valuable resource for staying up-to-date with the latest advancements in organic solar cells. It not only presents the current state of the field but also identifies future directions and challenges, fostering further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving field.
