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... removing the distance-dependence, i.e., the model of (3), from the measured path loss, we obtain the shadow fading components X σ . Shadow fading on a dB scale can be modeled as a zero-mean Gaussian process [9] with a standard deviation of σ. In Fig. 7, we show the measured probability density function (PDF) of shadow fading together with a Gaussian distribution fit, which offers a reasonable fit. Again, we only consider the data in the LOS propagation region. It is found that σ = 4.21 ...
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Citations
... On the one hand, numerous studies have been published that address measurement campaigns in urban outdoor environments operating at 5G FR1. In [8], 5G channel measurements were conducted on a university campus in China at 3.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 30 MHz and the typical channel parameters were derived. Large-scale fading at same center frequency in an urban-macro scenario were measured and analyzed in [9]. ...
With the rapid increase in mobile subscribers, there is a drive towards achieving higher data rates, prompting the use of higher frequencies in future wireless communication technologies. Wave propagation channel modeling for these frequencies must be considered in conjunction with measurement results. This paper presents a ray-launching (RL)-based simulation in a complex urban scenario characterized by an undulating terrain with a high density of trees. The simulation results tend to closely match the reported measurements when more details are considered. This underscores the benefits of using the RL method, which provides detailed space-time and angle-delay results.
... According to channel measurement frequency, channel sounders can be divided into sub-6 GHz, mmWave, THz, and OWC channel sounders. In [535], a time domain channel sounder was used to conduct channel measurement at 3.5 GHz in outdoor mobile scenarios. An omnidirectional antenna was used at both Tx and Rx sides. ...
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems have entered the stage of commercial development, providing users with new services and improved user experiences as well as offering a host of novel opportunities to various industries. However, 5G still faces many challenges. To address these challenges, international industrial, academic, and standards organizations have commenced research on sixth generation (6G) wireless communication systems. A series of white papers and survey papers have been published, which aim to define 6G in terms of requirements, application scenarios, key technologies, etc. Although ITU-R has been working on the 6G vision and it is expected to reach a consensus on what 6G will be by mid-2023, the related global discussions are still wide open and the existing literature has identified numerous open issues. This paper first provides a comprehensive portrayal of the 6G vision, technical requirements, and application scenarios, covering the current common understanding of 6G. Then, a critical appraisal of the 6G network architecture and key technologies is presented. Furthermore, existing testbeds and advanced 6G verification platforms are detailed for the first time. In addition, future research directions and open challenges are identified for stimulating the on-going global debate. Finally, lessons learned to date concerning 6G networks are discussed.
... According to channel measurement frequency, channel sounders can be divided into sub-6 GHz, mmWave, THz, and OWC channel sounders. In [535], a time domain channel sounder was used to conduct channel measurement at 3.5 GHz in outdoor mobile scenarios. An omnidirectional antenna was used at both Tx and Rx sides. ...
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems have entered the stage of commercial development, providing users with new services and improved user experiences as well as offering a host of novel opportunities to various industries. However, 5G still faces many challenges. To address these challenges, international industrial, academic, and standards organizations have commenced research on sixth generation (6G) wireless communication systems. A series of white papers and survey papers have been published, which aim to define 6G in terms of requirements, application scenarios, key technologies, etc. Although ITU-R has been working on the 6G vision and it is expected to reach a consensus on what 6G will be by mid-2023, the related global discussions are still wide open and the existing literature has identified numerous open issues. This paper first provides a comprehensive portrayal of the 6G vision, technical requirements, and application scenarios, covering the current common understanding of 6G. Then, a critical appraisal of the 6G network architecture and key technologies is presented. Furthermore, existing testbeds and advanced 6G verification platforms are detailed for the first time. In addition, future research directions and open challenges are identified for stimulating the on-going global debate. Finally, lessons learned to date concerning 6G networks are discussed.
... As a result, several works dealing with the empirical characterization of the indoor channel propagation at the 5G mid-band were recently carried out [6,[10][11][12][13][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. In these works, the analysis was mostly based on measurements performed on dedicated, single-link testbeds, which typically did not take into account the impact of beamforming strategies, in particular single wide-beam vs. multiple SSB-based; a detailed discussion on single wide-beam and multiple SSB-based 5G strategies is given in Section 2.2. ...
... In parallel to the above works, channel characterization in the 5G mid-band was also studied in indoor-to-indoor scenarios [6,[10][11][12][13][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]44]. Indeed, several empirical analyses were carried out to derive channel parameters, similarly to what the present paper aims to do for the outdoor-to-indoor case. ...
... References [11,26,27] focused on path loss, showing that the path loss exponent is smaller in LOS than in NLOS. Other time-related parameters were also analyzed in [26,28], showing that RMS delay spread and mean excess delay increase in presence of multiple paths. ...
The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance.
... where f d,max is the maximum Doppler shift. For the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which has become the premier option for commercial V2I scenario deployments [28], the coherence time T coh is 0.24 ms when v = 120 km/h . In this case, the coherence time is shorter than the duration of one slot and the channel in the interval of RS changes significantly. ...
Now, the fifth-generation (5G) system plays a more and more important role in the high-speed vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenario. In order to realize the high-reliability and high-efficiency transmission, it is essential to obtain accurate channel state information (CSI) for the 5G system. However, due to the fast time-varying and nonstationary characteristics of the channel in high-speed V2I scenarios, channel estimation is a challenging issue. In this paper, an artificial intelligence- (AI-) based channel prediction scheme, called AI-ChannelNet, is proposed to improve the CSI prediction performance in high-speed V2I scenarios. Specifically, AI-ChannelNet is trained in real time based on the historical channel estimation on the reference signal (RS) to realize accurate channel prediction and then recovers the received signal according to the predicted channel information. The integration of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) is designed to extract temporal features of the channel. And an online RS-based training algorithm is proposed, enabling AI-ChannelNet to track the channel variation. Evaluated by experiments, the proposed scheme outperforms conventional methods a lot, and more improvement could be achieved at a higher speed. Besides, the proposed scheme performs well without modification of the 5G radio frame and loss of transmission efficiency.
... A few investigations of 5G channel characterization in the mid-band were also carried out for channel modeling purposes in both outdoor-to-indoor [22,[25][26][27] and indoor-toindoor [4,[8][9][10][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] scenarios. However, none of the above investigations makes use of measurements collected in the wild, i.e., on commercially deployed 5G networks. ...
Understanding radio propagation characteristics and developing channel models is fundamental to building and operating wireless communication systems. Among others uses, channel characterization and modeling can be used for coverage and performance analysis and prediction. Within this context, this paper describes a comprehensive dataset of channel measurements performed to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in the mid-band spectrum identified for the operation of 5th Generation (5G) cellular systems. Previous efforts to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in this band were made by using measurements collected on dedicated, mostly single-link setups. Hence, measurements performed on deployed and operational 5G networks still lack in the literature. To fill this gap, this paper presents a dataset of measurements performed over commercial 5G networks. In particular, the dataset includes measurements of channel power delay profiles from two 5G networks in Band n78, i.e., 3.3–3.8 GHz. Such measurements were collected at multiple locations in a large office building in the city of Rome, Italy by using the Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) TSMA6 network scanner during several weeks in 2020 and 2021. A primary goal of the dataset is to provide an opportunity for researchers to investigate a large set of 5G channel measurements, aiming at analyzing the corresponding propagation characteristics toward the definition and refinement of empirical channel propagation models.
... Closer related to this work are the ones that base their measurements on PDPs. Measurements based on PDPs were performed by [18]- [24] who determined parameters like the delay spread, MPCs and coherence bandwidth. All these papers took place in urban, office or other outdoor settings and thus provide results for significantly different environments. ...
Wireless communication continuously gains in importance in the context of industrial automation due to its role as an enabling factor for flexibility. The number of mobile, wirelessly communicating devices in modern production facilities steadily rises. Knowledge about the signal propagation is central to the planning and maintenance of these wireless networks. Precise models enable users to supply sufficient communication capabilities to the factory of the future. Measurements of Power Delay Profiles (PDPs) were performed at the frequencies of 2.1, 2.6, 3.8 and 5.1 GHz for three different scenarios in a modern and running production facility. The results are analyzed by means of multi-path components, delay spread and path loss. The results are compared to previous measurements. Thereby, further insights in propagation conditions in industrial scenarios are gained.
... The authors in [17] also characterized the radio channel for 3.5 GHz at the Beijing Jiaotong University, China. The measurement setup was made up of NI software defined radios (SDRs) and an amplifier. ...
... The measurements in [17] also covered delay spread. From the measurement setup adopted, power delay profiles (PDPs) were obtained at the measurement points by spatial averaging over 20 wavelengths. ...
With the next generation of mobile communication being trialled across the world, 5G New Radio (NR) promises to provide a flexible radio interface that fits a diverse range of use cases. As trials and pilots progress, propagation studies are required that evaluate electromagnetic (EM) propagation effects for 5G NR signals. In this article, 5G NR signals are used to evaluate the over-the-air (OTA) error vector magnitude (EVM) within a line-of-sight (LoS) rural/urban environment. For the same receiver locations, time dispersion and propagation loss were measured via the root mean square (RMS) delay spread and path loss. The transmitter−receiver distance investigated ranged from
$\mathrm {60~m}$
to
$\mathrm {450~m}$
. From the measurement campaign, the path loss exponent (PLE) using a directional antenna at the receiver was 1.98, and 1.82 with an omnidirectional antenna. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the floating intercept/close-in (FI/CI) models for the path loss was 4.96/4.74 and 3.84/3.23 for directional and omnidirectional receivers. The delay spread using a cross polar configuration showed significant increase and a dependency of the delay spread on the path loss was observed. For the measurement route, the mean delay spread was
$\mathrm {24~ns}$
and
$\mathrm {35~ns}$
for directional and omnidirectional measurements. With regards to the EVM, 16 and 64-QAM transmissions were robust along the entire route for directional and omnidirectional antennas, whereas 256-QAM worked in locations where there was minimal obstruction to the propagation path. The average EVM (%) for 16, 64 and 256-QAM measured along the route was 4.5/5.3/3.9 and 3.4/4.3/3.6 for omnidirectional and directional antennas. The OTA results also show that using a directional antenna (as the receiver) significantly improves the obtainable signal quality of 5G NR signals and also reduces outages for higher modulation schemes. With the measurement results presented, system designers can design efficient receivers, estimate coverage and adequately provision services using 5G NR on the sub-6 GHz frequency band.
... The spectrum portion between 3.6 and 3.8 GHz is very appealing for high speed wireless access providing large bandwidth segments to the customers [1]. This band is also foreseen for the utilization of fifth generation (5G) networks [2], Internet of Things (IoT) [3], Industry IoT (IIoT) [4], and massive multiple-input-multiple-output (mMIMO) applications [5,6]. It is also regarded as an interferencefree band (i.e. ...
... white band), thus long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) networks could be exploited. Up to now, there are many measurements and study attempts carried out at 3.5 GHz, the majority of which are oriented towards the assessment of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), in urban, suburban, and rural environments [2,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. On the other hand, there are limited studies [8,9] and measurements [11][12][13] that are focused on path loss results in rural areas. ...
... Therefore, it is calculated deterministically according to the procedure described in the ''Appendix''. Finally, k 1 accounts for the constant offset in decibels, which in the following is selected equal to the free space loss expressed by (2). ...
This paper presents an extensive path loss measurement campaign carried out in rural areas at 3.7 GHz, including line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS conditions. For this purpose, a commercially established fixed wireless access (FWA) network is exploited, operating with time-division long term evolution configuration. Furthermore, various models are examined and validated regarding their ability to predict accurately the path loss. The results reveal that the standard propagation model (SPM) achieves the best performance, thus being an attractive option for planning rural FWA links. The WINNER II and 3GPP/ITU-R models exhibit very good performance, as well. From the statistical assessment, the shadow fading follows the Lognormal distribution with a standard between 4.6 and 5.4 dB. An almost excellent fit is obtained regardless of the diverse propagation conditions in the specific area. Finally, from the model evaluation was concluded that SPM is highly recommended as the best option for a precise network dimensioning and planning.
... The train runs at a speed of 360 / , km h i.e., the speed v m s = 100 / . The carrier frequency of the wireless systems f c is 3.5 GHz [20]. Therefore, the maximum Doppler shift at the train antenna is ...
Channel estimation is a well-known challenge for wireless orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems with massive antennas on high speed rails (HSRs). This paper investigates this problem and design two practicable uplink and downlink channel estimators for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems with massive antenna arrays at base station on HSRs. Specifically, we first use pilots to estimate the initial angle of arrival (AoA) and channel gain information of each uplink path through discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and then refine the estimates via the angle rotation technique and suggested pilot design. Based on the uplink angel estimation, we design a new downlink channel estimator for frequency division duplexing (FDD) systems. Additionally, we derive the Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) of the AoA and channel gain estimates. Finally, numerical results are provided to corroborate our proposed studies.
