Fig 8 - uploaded by Mark Staples
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Overview of transdermal glucose sensor structure. Top, cross section of two units; bottom, top view (photograph and mask layout) (75).
Source publication
Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS)-based drug delivery devices have become commercially-feasible due to converging technologies and regulatory accommodation. The FDA Office of Combination Products coordinates review of innovative medical therapies that join elements from multiple established categories: drugs, devices, and bi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of encapsulating fluid within MEMS devices for analytical applications could, in theory, be applied to drug delivery systems. For example, a microtransdermal glucose sensor that incorporates a 50-nL reservoir has been fabricat- ed from a photopolymer (Fig. 8). The heater ablates the stratum corneum, releasing glucose-containing intracellular fluid and increasing the skin permeability for drug delivery. The reservoir contains two electrodes, is filled with solution, and is bound by two membranes, 5 and 20 Y 40 mm thick. Upon electrolysis of the encapsulated fluid, evolved gas ruptures the ...
Citations
... Nanomedicines merge nanotechnology and drugs to diagnose, treat, and monitor complex ailments like HIV, cancer, malaria, asthma, and various inflammatory conditions. Due to their enhanced treatment efficacy, the utilization of nanoparticle-modified drug delivery systems has experienced substantial growth in both the therapeutic and diagnostic domains [105,106]. Combining AI with nanotechnology could solve numerous issues in product development [107,108]. Through computational analysis, a nanosuspension of methotrexate was developed by examining the energy generated during the interaction between drug molecules and closely monitoring any conditions that could lead to formulation aggregation. ...
... The inclusion of iRGD enhances the transcytosis of silicasomes, resulting in improved treatment outcomes and increased overall survival. As a result, there has been a significant three-to fourfold increase in the absorption of silicasomes [106]. ...
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) revolutionized the formulation and development of modern pharmaceuticals. With the help of AI, researchers can now optimize drug design, develop formulations, and streamline clinical trials in a much accurate and efficient way. Drug development might be greatly expedited and time-consuming procedure; however, with the help of AI this are significantly reduced.
Main body of abstract
The main advantages of AI in pharmaceutical formulation are its capacity to analyse vast amounts of data and spot patterns and connections that human researchers would miss. Various tools and technologies, such as ANN, fuzzy logic, neuro-fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithm are used for analysing the date, of which ANN is popular and mostly used. AI enables the discovery of novel pharmacological targets and the creation of more potent medications. AI may also be used to improve medication formulations by forecasting the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of drug candidates, increasing the likelihood that clinical trials will be successful.
AI is also applied in designing clinical trials, reducing the time and cost of the process by identifying patient populations that are most likely to benefit from the treatment. Additionally, AI can monitor patients during clinical trials, detecting real-time adverse effects and adjusting dosages to improve patient outcomes.
Conclusion
AI is a potent pharmaceutical formulation and development tool, allowing researchers to analyse vast amounts of data, optimize drug formulations, and streamline clinical trials. As technology develops, experts anticipate that AI will increasingly show a crucial part in drug development, enabling faster, more efficient, and more effective treatments for various diseases.
... Applications of controlled drug delivery have significantly increased as a result of recent improvements in biomedical sciences, innovative materials and technology [1,2]. The aims of controlled drug delivery include regulating the drug profile over time for optimal therapeutic advantages and the safe delivery of the required drug dosage to certain areas in the human body. ...
Nanoporous membranes (NPMBs) have been the focus of interest of many scientists in the last decade. However, the fouling phenomenon that takes place during the implantation period blocks pores and causes failure in the local implant. In this study, alumina NPMBs were developed using electrochemical anodization through two steps. Furthermore, graphene oxide (GO), free and impregnated with ZIF-8 MOF, was synthesized and loaded in a mixture of PVDF/PVP polymer matrix at different ratios, and was applied to the produced NPMBs using spin-coater. The NPMBs were characterized before and after coating by SEM/EDX, TEM, FTIR, XRD, contact angle and AFM. The antifouling features of the NPMBs were analyzed against two different bacterial species. The prepared alumina NPMBs demonstrated homogeneous porous structures with pore sizes ranging
from 36 to 39 nm. The coated layers were proven to possess microporous coatings on the surfaces of the NPMBs. The numbers of released ions (Al and Zn) from the coated NPMBs were below the allowed limits. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) uptake in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) was impressively reduced with the presence of coating materials. In addition, the antifouling behavior of the coated NPMBs against the selected strains of bacteria was greatly enhanced compared with the
pure alumina NPMBs. Finally, NPMBs’ uncoated and polymer-coated membranes were tested for their ability to deliver donepezil HCl. The results reveal the downregulation of donepezil release, especially from NPMBs coated with PVDF/PVP 0.5GO. It is advised to use the current antifouling materials and techniques to overcome the limitations of the inorganic NPMBs implants.
... However, designing such an active implant is more costly and complex. The driving force in the active implants is divided into two categories: electromechanical devices and implant pumps [140]. The electromechanical devices benefit from microelectronic pumps which push drug at a constant rate. ...
... Biosensor based on MEMS and NEMS (nanoelectromechanical systems) have been developed as wearables and implantable devices for the intravenous delivery of drugs. The miniaturization and sensitivity of biosensors pose a great solution for the drug delivery [33][34][35]. ...
Mimicking the innovative structure, design and multifunctional mechanisms of biological process based sustainable biosensor technology in living creatures is highly successful with multilingual features that draw in constantly more and more research efforts and extensive attention from the numerous species of diagnosis and clinical origins. This review will provide a comprehensive overview with respect to the innovative approach for identify, recognizing and showcasing the current advancements and key milestones accomplished in this field, aiming to provide an exclusive outlook for the bioderived materials and their most relevant applications to encourage readers to explore the uncharted realms of sustainable biointerfaces in the last 5 years.
... Implantable microfluidic systems that integrate actively controlled gate valves represent alternatives that are appealing because they enable user-defined, programmable control over the timing of release events. Such valves serve as the basis for fluid control in vivo, widely utilized for drug delivery applications (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) through triggering mechanisms that range from those based on magnetic fields (16,19,20) and photons (17) to thermal stimuli (13) and electrical currents (9,10,15,21,22). The first two approaches are attractive because of their simplicity, but they do not allow for independent control over individual gates in arrays. ...
... Implantable microfluidic systems that integrate actively controlled gate valves represent alternatives that are appealing because they enable user-defined, programmable control over the timing of release events. Such valves serve as the basis for fluid control in vivo, widely utilized for drug delivery applications (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) through triggering mechanisms that range from those based on magnetic fields (16,19,20) and photons (17) to thermal stimuli (13) and electrical currents (9,10,15,21,22). The first two approaches are attractive because of their simplicity, but they do not allow for independent control over individual gates in arrays. ...
... The first two approaches are attractive because of their simplicity, but they do not allow for independent control over individual gates in arrays. The other two techniques overcome this disadvantage, but their operation requires power supplied by standard batteries (9,10,23) or radiofrequency (RF) energy transfer (12,15). These components and the associated control electronics (24) limit the ability to miniaturize these types of devices; they also add significant cost and complexity in engineering designs and in practical aspects of use. ...
Degradable polymer matrices and porous scaffolds provide powerful mechanisms for passive, sustained release of drugs relevant to the treatment of a broad range of diseases and conditions. Growing interest is in active control of pharmacokinetics tailored to the needs of the patient via programmable engineering platforms that include power sources, delivery mechanisms, communication hardware, and associated electronics, most typically in forms that require surgical extraction after a period of use. Here we report a light-controlled, self-powered technology that bypasses key disadvantages of these systems, in an overall design that is bioresorbable. Programmability relies on the use of an external light source to illuminate an implanted, wavelength-sensitive phototransistor to trigger a short circuit in an electrochemical cell structure that includes a metal gate valve as its anode. Consequent electrochemical corrosion eliminates the gate, thereby opening an underlying reservoir to release a dose of drugs by passive diffusion into surrounding tissue. A wavelength-division multiplexing strategy allows release to be programmed from any one or any arbitrary combination of a collection of reservoirs built into an integrated device. Studies of various bioresorbable electrode materials define the key considerations and guide optimized choices in designs. In vivo demonstrations of programmed release of lidocaine adjacent the sciatic nerves in rat models illustrate the functionality in the context of pain management, an essential aspect of patient care that could benefit from the results presented here.
... Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are already in use in the food sector; these systems contain parts with sizes ranging from mm to nm, which could serve to develop sensors used to preserve food [96]. NEMS could also be used in food control, consisting of advanced transducers for detecting specific chemical and biochemical signals [97]. ...
Biosensors use biological materials, such as enzymes, antibodies, or DNA, to detect specific analytes. These devices have numerous applications in the health and food industries, such as disease diagnosis, food safety monitoring, and environmental monitoring. However, the production of biosensors can result in the generation of chemical waste, which is an environmental concern for the developed world. To address this issue, researchers have been exploring eco-friendly alternatives for immobilising biomolecules on biosensors. One solution uses bio-coatings derived from nanoparticles synthesised via green chemistry and biopolymers. These materials offer several advantages over traditional chemical coatings, such as improved sensitivity, stability, and biocompatibility. In conclusion, the use of bio-coatings derived from green-chemistry synthesised nanoparticles and biopolymers is a promising solution to the problem of chemical waste generated from the production of biosensors. This review provides an overview of these materials and their applications in the health and food industries, highlighting their potential to improve the performance and sustainability of biosensors.
... Poly (vinylidene fluoride) [PVDF] and its co-polymers such as poly (vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene) [PVdF-HFP] and poly (vinylidene fluoride)-trifluoroethylene [PVdF-TrFE] are a few of them. Due to their flexibility, low weight, and ease of processing, these polymers are utilized to construct several electronic devices and some significant applications in several fields, such as sensors, capacitors, electromagnetic shield materials, actuators, charge storage capacitor systems, and wearable haptic devices [7,8]. As a result, increasing the dielectric constant of the polymer composites by adding high-k filler is a critical issue. ...
The electroadhesive actuators were assembled using Cu–Ni fabric electrodes and hBN-incorporated BaTiO3 dielectric composite materials in PVdF-HFP matrix as the electroadhesive tape. The electroadhesive performance of the above tape was tested using a DC–DC booster circuit for different weight percentages of ball-milled hBN into the dielectric composite. The load bearing capacity was found to be multiplied several fold from 100 to 950 gm for voltage of 250 V. The dielectric behavior of as-prepared electroadhesive tape made using the PVdF-HFP matrix was analyzed using impedance analyzer. XRD and SEM studies were performed to justify the behavior of the powder composites embedded in PVdF-HFP matrix as electroadhesive tapes.
... Developments in MEMS and microfluidics technologies drive advances in electronic micropump-based drug delivery devices [69]. The micropump-based, targeted, and programmable drug delivery devices urgently need protective and restorative therapies, such as auditory and intraocular disorders [70,71]. ...
Introduction:
: Electronically powered drug delivery devices enable a controlled drug release route for a more convenient and painless way with reduced side effects. The current advances in microfabrication and microelectronics have facilitated miniaturization and intelligence with the integration of sensors and wireless communication modules. These devices have become an essential component of commercialized on-demand drug delivery.
Areas covered:
: This review aims to provide a concise overview of current progress in electronically powered drug devices, focusing on delivery strategies, manufacturing techniques, and control circuit design with specific examples.
Expert opinion:
: The application of electronically powered drug delivery systems is now considered a feasible therapeutic approach with improved drug release efficiency and increased patient comfort. It is anticipated that these technologies will gradually fulfill clinical needs and resolve commercialization challenges in the future. This review discusses the current advances in electronic drug delivery devices, especially focusing on designing strategies to achieve an effective drug release, as well as the perspectives and challenges for future applications in clinical therapy.
... Transdermal drug delivery systems have different approach which are provided by MEMS technology. Over the oral and intravenous, transdermal route has some advantages as it prevents degradation of molecules in the GIT and also avoids first pass metabolism in the liver and are associated with eliminating pain which occurs during intravenous injection [4][5][6] . Stratum corneum the outermost dead layer of the skin is the major barrier for transdermal drug delivery. ...
Implantable controlled drug delivery is useful in delivering medications to parts of the body which are immunologically isolated and not possible to deliver drugs via regular drug delivery process. Microchip is one of the implanted controlled drug deliveries consists of drug filled sockets that release drug at fixed intervals. It is implanted within human body and distribute a wide range of medications in a regulated, pulsatile or in a continuous manner. It may connect to a small power supply and controlled by a computer. This review includes controlled release microchips based on different principles, microchips device and design. This also includes the advantages and limitations of the implanted drug delivery and its application in the diagnosis and treatment of various disease.
... MEMs or NEMS based devices are fabricated by integrating techniques like the complex programmable and structural elements that are developed for electronic industry into the devices. MEMS has been used to construct micropumps, nanoporous membranes, valves, sensors etc. using biocompatible materials suitable for drug administration [153]. These devices are designed to have optimal and controlled physicochemical parameters, such as surface chemistry, size and shape. ...
... Alec Bangham and his coworkers discovered liposomes in 1960 [185] and, the first commercially available liposomes that can be employed as medication delivery devices, were originally introduced in 1965 [186]. For the clinical utilization for the treatment of non-small cell sung, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer FDA approved polymer based DDS like protein-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane) and albumin-based nanoparticle were (PDMS) are explored for fabricating MEMS and MEMS based devices [153] . ...
Recent years have visualized the entry of various new life-threatening diseases in the form of epidemic and pandemic and hence the introduction of novel drug delivery systems is highly vital for saving the lives of people. Recent research in this area portrays a relentless search for overcoming the disadvantages of older systems and replacing them with novel systems. Polymer based drug delivery systems and nanoparticles-based systems are two such developing areas that are discussed in this review. Recent studies have also shown a surge in the application of polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles in drug delivery systems and also bioorthogonal catalytic reactions for the release of drugs at target site by unmasking reaction of prodrugs. This review highlights the various developments and innovations in the drug delivery field in the recent years with respect to these systems and throws light on the advances in the treatment of diseases in different areas accomplished by means of these systems.
Graphical Abstract
