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4: Overview of the tsunami survey results (Source: The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group; www.coastal.jp/tsunami2011)
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The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of March 11, 2011 can be characterized as a catastrophe. It inundated over 560 km2 of land, devastating a large number of coastal communities, causing over 19,000 casualties and huge economic damage in the Tohoku region. Due to the relatively high frequency of tsunamis, the region was considered well p...
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Citations
... Right panel: Flood risk countermeasures in flat plain region. MSL = mean sea level.Source:Tsimopoulou [2012]. ...
The 2011 Tōhoku event showed the massive destruction potential of tsunamis. The Euro-Japan “Risk assessment and design of prevention structures for enhanced tsunami disaster resilience (RAPSODI)” project aimed at using data from the event to evaluate tsunami mitigation strategies and to validate a framework for a quantitative tsunami mortality risk analysis. Coastal structures and mitigation strategies against tsunamis in Europe and Japan are compared. Failure mechanisms of coastal protection structures exposed to tsunamis are discussed based on field data. Knowledge gaps on failure modes of different structures under different tsunami loading conditions are identified. Results of the wave-flume laboratory experiments on rubble mound breakwaters are used to assess their resilience against tsunami impact. For the risk analysis, high-resolution digital elevation data are applied for the inundation modeling. The hazard is represented by the maximum flow depth, the exposure is described by the location of the population, and the mortality is a function of flow depth and building vulnerability. A thorough search for appropriate data on the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami was performed. The results of the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami mortality hindcast for the city of Ishinomaki substantiate that the tsunami mortality risk model can help to identify high-mortality risk areas and the main risk drivers.
... Figure 3: Typical measures for tsunami risk reduction along the Rias type coast (bays) ( Tsimopoulou, 2012 ...
The earthquake and tsunami of March 2011 led to death and destruction in coastal areas in Japan. A seminar was held in June 2012 for Japanese and Dutch coastal researchers to discuss lessons for the management of the risks in coastal areas associated with tsunamis, typhoons and storm surges. The seminar has highlighted important practical and theoretical issues in coastal protection, risk and emergency management, and climate change and sea level rise research that are of importance for the Netherlands and Japan and other coastal regions. The performance of the system during historical events gives important lessons for the (re)design of resilient coastal protection systems in the future. It has also been discussed how risk assessments can be utilized to determine how an effective combination of prevention, land use planning and emergency management can be implemented to minimize future risks in the coastal zone.
Our Coasts and coastal cities are increasingly vulnerable to natural and human hazards. From the wide range of disasters, the study focuses specifically on the Tsunami. Currently there is great unawareness and misinformation particularly within the urban policies of protection, mitigation, architecture and urbanism. As such it is intended not only to study the natural disaster, but also the ways and preventive practices that which beware our cities and territories in the manner that better suits the environment. After a period in Valparaiso (research), and Santiago de Chile (work in PRES Constitución) the author noted carefully the process of coastal urban reconstruction, as well as the methodologies used, after the earthquake and tsunami of February 2010. In the second part now in Portuguese territory, he continued the research focusing his work from perspectives and practical approaches related with the (re) making of the city, including the development of processes for mitigation and prevention, in order to be integrated into an urban large‐scale project for the Lisbon riverfront. In particular, Lisbon needs a strategy and management of evacuation given the absence ‘at present’ of any plan. Creating new devices between city and river, with the main concern of prevention and safeguarding human life and contributing to a riverside urban improvement. The principal aim is to promote and launch the debate.
Especially in low-lying deltaic areas, a sound adaptation policy is urgently needed, because relying on a global mitigation policy for climate change is way too risky. In this report, we successively discuss measures and instruments aimed at:
1 lowering the probability of flooding,
2 gaining control over the flooding process and the resulting exposure characteristics, as
well as
3 reducing the vulnerability of the flood-prone areas.
Earlier analyses of the development of flood risk in the 21st century revealed that socioeconomic development is by far the most important cause of increasing risks. Also it was questioned whether the current policy – of flood protection – is the most desirable in view of the many uncertainties about future developments and the possibly huge consequences of a flood disaster. Moreover, climate change does not stop in 2100, but may well carry on or worsen in centuries yet to come. This requires a longer planning scope and a critical review of the current flood risk management strategy and the measures and policy instruments applied. This calls for innovations in policy making and innovative measures. That is what this research aims to contribute to.
This report is the executive summary of the full report, also available under the same main title and report number. It is also included in the full report.
Earlier analyses of the development of flood risk in the 21st century revealed that socioeconomic development is by far the most important cause of increasing risks. Also it was questioned whether the current policy – of flood protection – is the most desirable in view of the many uncertainties about future developments and the possibly huge consequences of a flood disaster. Moreover, climate change does not stop in 2100, but may well carry on or worsen in centuries yet to come. This requires a longer planning scope and a critical review of the current flood risk management strategy and the measures and policy instruments applied. This calls for innovations in policy making and innovative measures. That is what this research aims to contribute to.
