Figure 3 - uploaded by Anne Beeldens
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Overview of the test parking area – porous pavement blocks, pavement blocks with drainage holes, pavement blocks with enlarged joints, classic pavement blocks
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Water permeable pavement blocks are used to minimize the far-reaching negative effects produced by sealing off the natural water balance. Due to the immediate uptake of water and due to the buffering by the permeable underlying structure, the risk on floods during thunderstorms by water running of the surface or due to overflow of the sewer pipes i...
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Citations
... Many studies have demonstrated the significance of the thickness of the gravel layer in the removal of contaminants [3,[26][27][28][29]. This is commonly attributed to its direct relation to the storage capacity and increasing surface area available for contaminant removal [26]. ...
... Many studies have demonstrated the significance of the thickness of the gravel layer in the removal of contaminants [3,[26][27][28][29]. This is commonly attributed to its direct relation to the storage capacity and increasing surface area available for contaminant removal [26]. Nevertheless, few studies have quantitatively assessed its impact on the removal of contaminants. ...
Pollution resulting from urban stormwater runoff has become a major problem for cities. The use of permeable pavements that allows stormwater infiltration into soil layers underneath the pavement system is considered a paradigm shift from conventional use of impervious pavements. In addition to reducing the runoff load on stormwater drainage systems, it contributes to the reduction of contaminant loads in the infiltrated water which would have otherwise ended in water streams and potentially cause environmental problems (such as deteriorated fish habitats). Recent research has expanded on the investigation of permeable pavements to include its impact on water quality in addition to the typical analysis pertaining to its mechanical strength and durability. In this study, a meta-analysis of the impact of permeable pavements on the infiltrated stormwater quality is conducted. The analysis focused on recent research (2010-2020) that has specifically investigated the reduction of certain contaminant concentrations in stormwater infiltrating through permeable pavements. Results were classified based on the type of contaminant investigated (heavy metals, nutrients, and organic content) considering the difference in composition and properties (e.g., pore volume) of tested permeable pavement systems. It was observed that lab and field studies investigating stormwater contaminant removal were mainly conducted for pervious concrete and porous asphalt. The analysis closed with insights into limitations and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to better understand the effective use of permeable pavements in stormwater quality management.
... The 2009 ASTM C1701/C1701M test method has been reported for PC, PA, and PICP (Borst 2010;Jabur et al. 2015;Marchioni and Silva 2013;Brown and Borst 2014). Beeldens and Herrier (2006) compared PICP sites using a double-ring infiltrometer test. The German Road and Transportation Research Association (FSGV) guideline (Dierkes et al. 2002) requires K above 2.7 × 10 −5 m=s for PP (Dierkes et al. 2002). ...
Permeable pavement (PP) can be a primary source-area component of a sustainable drainage system. PP facilitates runoff reduction and particulate matter (PM) separation. PM separated by the PP surface reduces hydraulic conductivity (K) and influences PP functionality and maintenance. Pragmatic and reproducible methods are necessary to identify K reduction and maintenance. Because K is the proportionality constant between specific discharge and hydraulic gradient (Darcy’s law), disparate test methods and conditions produce disparate K results. Consequently, evaluations based solely on K can lack guidance when the goal is runoff reduction. Herein, PP response is examined based on K, outflow time (OT) through the PP across a fixed driving head range, and volumetric runoff coefficient (C). The PP test matrix parameters are (1) total porosity from 0.15 to 0.25, (2) rainfall loading from 0 to 150 mm/h, (3) PM aerial loads from 0.5 to 2.0 kg/m2 as a silty-sand schmutzdecke, (4) slopes from 2.5% to 7.0%, and (5) PP maintenance. Results demonstrate (1) higher PM aerial loads increase OT (K decreases), (2) higher total porosity decreases OT (K increases), and (3) higher rain rates inconsistently produce lower OT compared with the no-rainfall control at higher PM aerial loads. For all tests (N=285) with C measurements, lumping all other parameters, the mean C is 0.07, the standard deviation is 0.11, and the maximum is 0.67. These C results are significantly lower than impervious pavements. As the PP slopes and PM aerial loads increased, C increased and K decreased but with no clear trend between K and C. For tests where K<0.01 mm/s and OT<300 s, C was <0.35. An OT limit of 300 s provides guidance for PP conditions that provide runoff reduction, with C<0.20 for 2.0% slopes. PP conditions in this limit provide discernable runoff reduction. OT and C can be pragmatic adjuvants with disparate K methods.
... The results of this study showed that there were both statistically significant differences of time to runoff and runoff retention between the gravel layer thickness of 10 cm and 20 cm. Consistently, some studies have highlighted the importance of the gravel layer thickness because the water storage capacity of the gravel layer mainly depends on it (Beeldens and Herrier 2006;Hou et al. 2008;Yoo et al. 2016). As expected, the thicker gravel layer increased the runoff storage of permeable pavements; thus, the stormwater runoff retention percentages of permeable pavements were effectively enhanced. ...
Permeable pavements, as additive structures that have a good capability for runoff and pollutant reduction, are extensively used for sustainable urban drainage techniques. However, the exact mechanisms of runoff retention and pollutant reduction of a permeable pavement system remain unclear and so, it has become an ongoing issue and motivation for hydrologists and design and structural engineers. In this research paper, a suite of four scale-based runoff plots representing permeable pavements were designed with different permeable surface types and gravel layer thickness treatments, and coupled with simulated rainfall experiments to analyze the impacts of structural factors of permeable pavements on runoff retentions and pollution reduction. The present results showed that the average time to runoff for permeable pavements under low-intensity rainfall scenarios was approximately 78.5 min, while this was shortened to only 51.5 min under high-intensity rainfall scenarios. In terms of the average runoff retention of permeable pavements tested under low- and high-intensity rainfall cases, the results recorded approximately 52.5% and 42.5%, respectively, but runoff retention performances were relatively greater for the case of smaller storms within the scale experiments. Importantly, there was no statistical significance for the time to runoff and runoff retention between the permeable bricks and porous concretes for the analyzed rainfall events. The thicker gravel layers significantly delayed runoff generation and increased runoff retention percentages. Runoff pollutant load reduction rates of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were varied between permeable bricks and porous concretes. Runoff pollutants load reduction rates of TSS, TN, and TP were highly enhanced while the gravel layer thickness increased from 10 to 20 cm. Higher TSS, TN, and TP pollutant load removals were found from the lower intensity rainfalls. These findings could promote understanding of the hydrologic properties of permeable pavements and help design engineers in optimizing their design of permeable pavements for better runoff retention and pollution removal.
... Most of the tests reported above were done mostly for research. Beeldens and Herrier [28], on the other hand, monitored 50 sites of existing pavements with up to 10 years of life (Table 4). Using a Table 3: Comparison on wearing course applied on highway [16]. ...
... Field measurements in Belgium[28]. ...
Permeable pavements can reduce volumes and improve water quality of stormwater runoff by allowing water to infiltrate on its structure, easily integrating with other water control strategies in sustainable urban drainage systems. This solution is already well known, commercially available and referred to on many municipal legislations. This literature review discuss the role of permeable pavements in urban drainage by analyzing the main results on full-scale tests, especially regarding runoff volume reduction and quality improvement. Research results and case studies reported in literature confirm both the feasibility and the benefits of the use of permeable pavements in urban areas, even though research is still required on some application issues.
... In order to assess the reduction in infiltration capacity that occurs in permeable pavements over time due to clogging, a variety of infiltration test procedures have been utilised in the past. However, the results have generally been inconsistent and have shown a large variation in the range of infiltration rates measured [5,6,[12][13][14][15]. As the number of global permeable pavement installations increases, a more reliable and more accurate method to measure surface infiltration rates is needed [16]. ...
Permeable pavements are a type of sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) technique that are used around the world to infiltrate and treat urban stormwater runoff and to minimize runoff volumes. Urban stormwater runoff contains significant concentrations of suspended sediments that can cause clogging and reduce the infiltration capacity and effectiveness of permeable pavements. It is important for stormwater managers to be able to determine when the level of clogging has reached an unacceptable level, so that they can schedule maintenance or replacement activities as required. Newly-installed permeable pavements in the Netherlands must demonstrate a minimum infiltration capacity of 194 mm/h (540 l/s/ha). Other commonly used permeable pavement guidelines in the Netherlands recommend that maintenance is undertaken on permeable pavements when the infiltration falls below 0.50 m/d (20.8 mm/h). This study used a newly-developed, full-scale infiltration test procedure to evaluate the infiltration performance of eight permeable pavements in five municipalities that had been in service for over seven years in the Netherlands. The determined infiltration capacities vary between 29 and 342 mm/h. Two of the eight pavements show an infiltration capacity higher than 194 mm/h, and all infiltration capacities are higher than 20.8 mm/h. According to the guidelines, this suggests that none of the pavements tested in this study would require immediate maintenance.
... The full scale tests above were built mostly for research, while Beeldens and Herrier [37] monitored 50 sites of existing pavements up to 10 years of life using a double ring infiltrometer and found an acceptable overall performance on surface infiltration and storage capability, highlighting the importance of the base thickness and the subgrade soil infiltration rate. ...
This literature review covers the role of permeable pavement on urban drainage
and sustainability, and summarizes literature focusing on the system’s general
behavior and full scale tests. By allowing water to infiltrate its structure, the
permeable pavement works on reducing runoff volume and improving water
quality while still providing a useful area, comprising the main premises on
sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDs). This solution is already well known,
is commercially available and referred to in many municipality legislations.
Analyzing the literature, it is possible to confirm the feasibility of the pavement,
even though research is still required on specifics areas.
Keywords: permeable pavement, urban drainage, sustainability, SUDs.
... Other permeable pavement guidelines in the Netherlands [RIONED, 2006] recommend that maintenance is undertaken on permeable pavements when the infiltration falls below 0.5 m/d (20.8 mm/h). Figure 5 shows the research results of international infiltration testing studies from the Netherlands [Boogaard, 2015], Belgium [Beeldens et al.,2006], Germany [Nolting et al., 2005], Sweden [Al-Rubaei et al., 2013] and Australia [Lucke & Beecham, 2011]. It is clear from Figure 5 that there is a large variation in infiltration rates depending on the location and age of the pavement. ...
Although permeable pavements have been used all over the world in recent years to infiltrate and treat stormwater, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate and compare the long-term performance of these sustainable urban drainage system devices. This paper presents the results of an extensive international review of research on the reduction of infiltration capacity of permeable pavements over time. The results of these studies, coupled with specific knowledge of the key environmental factors on the individual research locations and infiltration testing methods used, enables the maintenance of these SUDS to be strategically planned in order to meet specific European and international infiltration capacity guidelines.
Permeable interlocking concrete pavements (PICP) are being used increasingly in stormwater management. A 2-year experimental study was conducted to quantify some uncertain parameters related to PICP. The study entailed the hydraulic testing of a representative volume of PICP within a specially constructed Infiltration Table Apparatus with a surface area of 10 m2, and able to be tilted up to 6°. The study aimed to address some of the controls of infiltration into, and flow through PICP by investigating the effect of the selected construction materials and the incline of the pavements. Based on the permeability data gained on PICP, it was verified that both the choice of construction materials (in both the layer works and the sand used for fill between the bricks) and the incline of the pavements were found to affect their hydraulic properties. In general, the selection of lower permeability materials in a PICP surface layer, and/or increasing the incline, decrease the overall permeability of the pavement.
