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Obesity is the consequence of chronic positive energy balance and considered a leading risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Due to its epidemic trends among children and adults, there is an increasing interest in implementing new therapeutic interventions to tackle overweight and obesity. Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) r...
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... NST is not restricted only to classical brown adipocytes since certain stimulations as cold exposure or ADRB3 activators can cause the so-called beige or brown-like adipocytes to emerge within WAT depots in a process termed "WAT browning" (Kiefer, 2017). The main physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics of each adipose tissue subtype have been briefly summarized in Figure 1. ...
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... Increasing thermogenesis through the browning of WAT via dietary intervention is an effective strategy for managing various diseases (El Hadi et al., 2018). In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the water extract of fermented bamboo shoot was responsible for the observed anti-obesity effects of Melye-amiley. ...
Functional foods, such as fermented bamboo shoots, have a long history of consumption among the ethnic communities in northeast India. These locally fermented bamboo shoots contain a wealth of beneficial microbes and metabolites that can help combat metabolic syndromes like obesity. However, the precise effects and mechanism behind fermented bamboo shoot products and their anti-obesity properties remain unknown. This study aims to explore the different types of fermented bamboo shoot products to determine their potential anti-obesity effects as well as to analyze their microbial diversity and metabolite profiles. Using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we found a high abundance of lactic acid bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla in the sample. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolite profiling detected several aroma-active compounds, bioactive metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and essential amino acids in the samples. The water extract derived from a particular type of fermented bamboo shoot, Melye-amiley, was found to significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, this extract increased the expression of lipolytic (hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and adipose triglyceride lipase) and browning regulator genes (uncoupling protein [UCP1], PRDM16, and PGC1-alpha). By activating the AMPK signaling pathway, the water extract from Melye-amiley also upregulated thermogenic protein expression and promoted mitochondrial biogene-sis and fatty acid β-oxidation. These findings suggest that fermented bamboo shoot extract has promising anti-obesity effects by boosting energy expenditure in white Sagar R Barge and Anupam Bhattacharya contributed equally. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
... Increasing thermogenesis through the browning of WAT via dietary intervention is an effective strategy for managing various diseases (El Hadi et al., 2018). In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the water extract of fermented bamboo shoot was responsible for the observed anti-obesity effects of Melye-amiley. ...
Functional foods, such as fermented bamboo shoots, have a long history of consumption among the ethnic communities in northeast India. These locally fermented bamboo shoots contain a wealth of beneficial microbes and metabolites that can help combat metabolic syndromes like obesity. However, the precise effects and mechanism behind fermented bamboo shoot products and their anti-obesity properties remain unknown. This study aims to explore the different types of fermented bamboo shoot products to determine their potential anti-obesity effects as well as to analyze their microbial diversity and metabolite profiles. Using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we found a high abundance of lactic acid bacteria from the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla in the sample. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) based untargeted metabolite profiling detected several aroma-active compounds, bioactive metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and essential amino acids in the samples. The water extract derived from a particular type of fermented bamboo shoot, Melye-amiley, was found to significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, this extract increased the expression of lipolytic (hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and adipose triglyceride lipase) and browning regulator genes (uncoupling protein [UCP1], PRDM16, and PGC1-alpha). By activating the AMPK signaling pathway, the water extract from Melye-amiley also upregulated thermogenic protein expression and promoted mitochondrial biogene-sis and fatty acid β-oxidation. These findings suggest that fermented bamboo shoot extract has promising anti-obesity effects by boosting energy expenditure in white Sagar R Barge and Anupam Bhattacharya contributed equally. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
... Increasing thermogenesis through the browning of WAT via dietary intervention is an effective strategy for managing various diseases (El Hadi et al., 2018). In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that the water extract of fermented bamboo shoot was responsible for the observed anti-obesity effects of Melye-amiley. ...
Functional foods, such as fermented bamboo shoots, have a long history of consumption
among the ethnic communities in northeast India. These locally fermented
bamboo shoots contain a wealth of beneficial microbes and metabolites that can help
combat metabolic syndromes like obesity. However, the precise effects and mechanism
behind fermented bamboo shoot products and their anti-obesity properties
remain unknown. This study aims to explore the different types of fermented bamboo
shoot products to determine their potential anti-obesity effects as well as to analyze
their microbial diversity and metabolite profiles. Using both culture-dependent and
culture-independent methods, we found a high abundance of lactic acid bacteria from
the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla in the sample. Gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry (GC–MS)based untargetedmetabolite profiling detected several aromaactive
compounds, bioactive metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, and essential amino
acids in the samples. The water extract derived from a particular type of fermented
bamboo shoot, Melye-amiley, was found to significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation
in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, this extract increased the expression of
lipolytic (hormone-sensitive lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and adipose triglyceride lipase)
and browning regulator genes (uncoupling protein [UCP1], PRDM16, and PGC1-alpha).
By activating the AMPK signaling pathway, the water extract from Melye-amiley also
upregulated thermogenic protein expression and promoted mitochondrial biogenesis
and fatty acid β-oxidation. These findings suggest that fermented bamboo shoot
extract has promising anti-obesity effects by boosting energy expenditure in white adipocytes. Future research is necessary to identify the active ingredient(s) that may
lead to new therapies to treat obesity.
... Moreover, it has been shown that adipocytes from WAT can undergo differentiation in adaptive responses and reversible change functions that make them similar to BAT cells (beige AT), thereby demonstrating the plasticity of adipose tissue [20]. WAT is localized subcutaneously, intra-abdominally, epicardially, and gonadally, while BAT is interscapular, paravertebral, perirenal, cervical, and supraclavicular [21]. However, due to the ease and non-invasive harvesting procedure by liposuction, subcutaneous AT is most widely considered as a source of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells rather than its other localizations in the human body [7]. ...
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer great potential for use in stem cell-based therapies due to their unique regenerative potential via reconstructive and paracrine capacities. These therapies offer new hope for patients suffering from conditions that have no cure. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (from adipose tissues, bone marrow, and umbilical cords) are most interesting for application in those therapies. Nevertheless, the development of MSC-based medical products requires thorough research and standardization that maximizes the therapeutic effect while minimizing side effects. One of the interesting novel approaches to achieving this goal is combining MSC therapy with an electromagnetic field (EMF). Many studies have shown that EMF can enhance the regenerative properties of MSCs by influencing stem cell fate through modulating differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle regulation, metabolism, and cytokine and growth factor secretions. Combination therapy of EMF-MSCs is a promising perspective however, it is important to select appropriate EMF parameters to obtain beneficial therapeutic effects. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in the EMF impact on MSCs is crucial. In this study, we provide an overview of the effects of EMF on the biological response and "fate" of MSCs, paying attention to the gaps in research that remain unfilled and discuss the clinical application of this approach. Keywords: MSCs; EMF; proliferation; metabolism; mitochondria; ion influx; trophic activity; secretome; stem cell-based therapy
... Most of the fat in the body is white fat, and excess of this fat leads to obesity [43]. Discovery of metabolically active brown fat has encouraged scientists and dieticians for the development of novel antiobesity treatments [44]. A new study published just this month, revealed the molecular structure of a protein called 'Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1)', which allows brown fat tissues to burn of calories as heat [45]. ...
... In a short overview like this, it is hard to cover all aspects of the basic mechanism involved in the development of obesity and its relationship to adiposity-related disorders. Readers are urged to refer to the original articles and comprehensive reviews on this topic [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. ...
... In addition to the use of AOMs, research over last two decades also has provided evidence to support the role of bioactive dietary components in the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Dietary components shown to promote activation, leading to white adipose tissue browning and enhancing energy burning, include capsaicin, capsinoids, resveratrol, curcumin, green tea, menthol, and fish derived omega-3 fatty acids [44]. Three decades ago, we posed a question, will antioxidants prevent atherogenesis? ...
The adiposity, and the risks associated with this altered metabolic state, with acute cardiovascular events are poorly understood, and the relationship is a complex one. Abdominal obesity is known to cause alterations in adipocyte biology, leading to inflammation, dysglycemia, insulin resistance, increased blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Compared with Europeans, people of South Asian and East Asian ethnicity develop type-2 diabetes, with a lower body mass index. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have identified 400 genetic variations associated with the risks for type-2 diabetes. Adiposity per se, does not explain excess risk for type-2 diabetes. Visceral fat and ectopic fat accumulation in or around the liver, pancreas, and muscle, are causally related to insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and type-2 diabetes. Body fat distribution across the population is not uniform. South Asian phenotype predominantly accumulates fat in the abdominal region, and this type of obesity has been referred as central abdominal obesity, as compared to the increase in the overall body mass index (BMI), observed in western populations. No matter what the pattern of fat distribution, increases in white fat seem to promote weight gain, and leads to the development of obesity. Excess fat is associated with higher concentration of the hormones of the renin-angiotensin system, which may initiate oxida-tive stress by generating reactive oxygen species. Visceral fat also may play a role in lipid peroxidation and promote damage through production of cytokines. These reactions may further activate nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) and induce inflammation. Such metabolic disturbances, promote increases in blood pressure, insulin resistance, arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction. Some studies have demonstrated the relationship between leptins and adiposity. Leptin resistance elevates cytokines and tumor necrosis factor, promotes inflammation, and increases risk for CVDs. Physical fitness reduces leptin concentrations, increases satiety, lowers inflammation , and improves vascular functions. Obesity in general, childhood obesity in particular, is a global public health crisis. Although there is lots of speculation, there is no single definitive cause of obesity, which means there is no definite cure for this condition. In this overview, we have discussed few novel approaches for the early diagnosis of this metabolic condition, as well as for developing appropriate preventive interventions. Obesity is speculated to emerge as the fastest growing, and leading metabolic risk factor, underlying acute myocardial infarction.
... Our study is the first to report the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects, focusing on adipose tissue, a key player in energy metabolism. In addition to the wellknown role of white adipose tissue (WAT) in storing energy in the form of triglycerides, mammals, including adult humans, are also equipped with brown adipose tissue (BAT) that uses fatty acids and glucose at a high rate and dissipates energy as heat for nonshivering thermogenesis [25]. Adaptive thermogenesis in BAT is principally dependent on the activation of UCP1, a mitochondrial protein specific to brown adipocytes, which uncouples electron transport from ATP production, thereby generating heat [25]. ...
... In addition to the wellknown role of white adipose tissue (WAT) in storing energy in the form of triglycerides, mammals, including adult humans, are also equipped with brown adipose tissue (BAT) that uses fatty acids and glucose at a high rate and dissipates energy as heat for nonshivering thermogenesis [25]. Adaptive thermogenesis in BAT is principally dependent on the activation of UCP1, a mitochondrial protein specific to brown adipocytes, which uncouples electron transport from ATP production, thereby generating heat [25]. β3adrenergic receptors are among the predominant regulators of this process and most of the strategies to enhance lipolysis and thermogenesis converge into the stimulation of these receptors [26]. ...
Pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) may represent the best transition phase to start treatments aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk factors of MetS. In this study, we investigated the effects of the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea F&M-M36 (T. lutea) on cardiometabolic components of pre-MetS and its underlying mechanisms. Rats were fed a standard (5% fat) or a high-fat diet (20% fat) supplemented or not with 5% of T. lutea or fenofibrate (100 mg/Kg) for 3 months. Like fenofibrate, T. lutea decreased blood triglycerides (p < 0.01) and glucose levels (p < 0.01), increased fecal lipid excretion (p < 0.05) and adiponectin (p < 0.001) without affecting weight gain. Unlike fenofibrate, T. lutea did not increase liver weight and steatosis, reduced renal fat (p < 0.05), diastolic (p < 0.05) and mean arterial pressure (p < 0.05). In visceral adipose tissue (VAT), T. lutea, but not fenofibrate, increased the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3ADR) (p < 0.05) and Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) (p < 0.001) while both induced glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) protein expression (p < 0.001) and decreased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β gene expression (p < 0.05). Pathway analysis on VAT whole-gene expression profiles showed that T. lutea up-regulated energy-metabolism-related genes and down-regulated inflammatory and autophagy pathways. The multitarget activity of T. lutea suggests that this microalga could be useful in mitigating risk factors of MetS.
... Some of these compounds are capsaicin and capsinoids, resveratrol, green tea catechins, berberine, curcumin, omega-3 PUFAs, menthol and retinoic-acid. These molecules have been tested in experimental settings and found to induce thermogenesis by modulating multiple signaling pathways [12,[58][59][60][61]. However, for a variety of reasons, translating these findings into clinical practice remains very difficult. ...
Obesity is a chronic disease and a major public health problem due to its association with non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality. An increased energy intake and decreased physical activity have been long recognized as the classical parameters that contribute to the development of obesity. However, several other, non-classical factors have also been associated with obesity through various complex mechanisms. Some of them are diet related, such as diet quality, dietary habits and speed of eating. Other factors are non-dietary, such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals, sleep quality and quantity, psychotropic medications and light at night. The scope of the present narrative review is to address these non-classical factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity, to clarify their potential role in the management of obesity and, where possible, to provide some practical clinical recommendations.
... The sympathetic nerves innervating BATs and WATs could modulate appetite by regulating the secretion of noradrenaline (NA), a neurotransmitter that normally acts in hypothalamic sites to regulate feeding [122,123]. Moreover, NA is also one of the key physiological mediators of BAT heat production, which directly affects the energy expenditure of the body and food intake [124][125][126]. Regarding the gastric parasympathetic nerves, grapefruit might have downregulated appetite via parasympathetic control in the vagus nerve, inhibiting gastric motility and gastric juice secretion. ...
Appetite dysregulation is one of the factors contributing to anorexia, bulimia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes. Essential oils or fragrant compounds have been proven to regulate food intake and energy expenditure; hence, this study aimed to summarize their effects on appetite and the underlying mechanisms. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched until July 2022. Only two of the 41 studies were performed clinically, and the remaining 39 used animal models. Oral administration was the most common route, and a dosage range of 100–2000 mg/kg for mice or 2–32 mg/kg for rats was applied, with a duration of 12 days to 4 weeks, followed by inhalation (10−6–10−3 mg/cage or 10−9–10−2 mg/cm3 within 1 h). Approximately 11 essential oil samples and 22 fragrant compounds were found to increase appetite, while 12 essential oils and seven compounds decreased appetite. These fragrant components can exert appetite-regulating effects via leptin resistance, the activity of sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves, or the mRNA expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related protein (AgRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)/proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus. Fragrance memory and cognitive processes may also play roles in appetite regulation. The findings of this study accentuate the potential of essential oils and fragrant compounds to regulate appetite and eating disorders.
... The systemic energy metabolism of the body is, however, regulated by the adipose tissues, which are of two primary types, namely, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), as illustrated in Table 9.1. WAT is Heat production and energy dissipation found in the subcutaneous, intra-abdominal, epicardial, and gonadal parts of the body, while BAT is found in the interscapular, paravertebral, perirenal, cervical, and supraclavicular body parts (18). BAT acts primarily through energy dissipation to produce heat, while WAT, being an energy storage site, is important for the maintenance of energy homeostasis, through endocrine communication. ...
... Accordingly, enhancing brown and beige adipocyte development and activity might be a promising strategy for treating obesity. It has been reported that some food ingredients can effectively activate BAT and promote the conversion of white fat to beige fat (El Hadi et al., 2018). By activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, critical transcription factors such as PRDM16 and PPARα/γ that facilitate brown and beige/brite adipocyte biogenesis are coordinated, which subsequently activate PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator that stimulates multiple thermogenic genes expression. ...
... By activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway, critical transcription factors such as PRDM16 and PPARα/γ that facilitate brown and beige/brite adipocyte biogenesis are coordinated, which subsequently activate PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator that stimulates multiple thermogenic genes expression. Other strategies involve targeting the TRPM8 channel in brown adipocytes and TRPV1 receptormediated sympathetic nerve activity activation (El Hadi et al., 2018). ...
Limonin is a tetracyclic triterpenoid compound enriched in citrus fruits. Whether it is effective against obesity and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Herein, a high-fat diet (HFD) was given to male C57BL/6J mice for four weeks to induce obesity. After that, limonin (50 mg/kg) was orally administered to mice for another 8 weeks along with the HFD. Limonin treatment remarkably decreased fat mass and body weight gain, and simultaneously alleviated HFD-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia. Limonin prevented the whitening of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and promoted the browning of inguinal white adipose tissues (iWAT) in mice. Besides, the genes associated with thermogenesis including Ucp1, Fatp1 and Cpt1b and mitochondrial maker TOM20 were upregulated by limonin treatment in the BAT and iWAT. The promotion of thermogenic program was associated with the activation of PGC-1α. Overall, these results demonstrate that limonin holds great potential for treating obesity by regulating energy balance.
