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Overview of inflammation process and synthesis of mediators of inflammation like prostaglandins, prostacyclins and leukotrienes
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Many synthetic drugs reported to be used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders are of least interest now a days due to their potential side effects and serious adverse effects and as they are found to be highly unsafe for human assistance. Since the last few decades, herbal drugs have regained their popularity in treatment against several hum...
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Citations
... In order to treat disease, maintain health, and reestablish the body's natural ability to defend, regulate, and repair itself, herbal therapy typically employs different plant components or botanical extract mixes [20] Several herbal anti-inflammatory remedies have been shown in a few (see table 1). There are reports of major negative effects and interactions between herbal medicines and synthetic preparations, as well as serious side effects from several of them [21]. White willow bark extract A four-week crossover study that was double-blind and placebocontrolled Treatment for acute episodes of persistent lower back pain in the short term. ...
Inflammation, which is regarded as an innate immune mechanism, is a part of the intricate biological reactions of a tissue to injury that shield the organ by eliminating harmful stimuli and starting the healing process. The majority of non-steroidal anti- inflammatory medications on the market work well for inflammatory diseases. Several compounds that disrupt the inflammatory response have also been identified in Indian Medicinal Plants (IMP). The multitude of side effects associated with the anti-inflammatory medications now on the market has a negative impact on human well-being. Advent of novel anti-inflammatory therapies such as herbal preparations, recent developments in the use of bioactive ingredients from herbal remedies to treat osteoarthritis and in the application of synthetic COX-2 inhibitors, chitosan as a therapy for oral mucosal irritation, improvement in the medication used to treat acute pancreatitis, extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal cells for the therapy of inflammation, oral colonic drug delivery methods for treating inflammatory bowel disease and combined targeting therapy for inflammatory bowel management will not only effectively manage the inflammation and its associated disorders but also helps to significantly improve the quality of life. Hence the current review reveals the recent advances in the field of inflammation and anti-inflammatory activity in detail.
... Triterpenes, alcohol triterpenes, saponins, fatty acids and their esters, carotenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, and essential oils are the primary chemical constituents of C. officinalis flowers (Neukirch et al., 2004;Shahane et al., 2023). The animal model of ear edema induction employing croton oil and another model of paw edema initiation via carrageenan have been used to assess the antiinflammatory action of C. officinalis flowers cultivated in Europe and Asia (Patrick et al., 1996;Preethi et al., 2009;Beg et al., 2011). ...
Introduction: Essential oil‒based nanoemulsions (NEs) are the subjects of extensive investigation due to their potential to address a variety of oral health issues. NEs are delivery systems that improve lipid medicine solubility and distribution to intended sites. The goal of the current study was to create and enhance a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery paradigm based on calendula oil (CO) and decorated with chitosan (CS) that could deliver posaconazole (PSZ) for the treatment of gingivitis.
Method: Employing a response-surface Box‒Behnken design, PSZ-CO-CS NEs were created with varying amounts of PSZ (10, 15, and 20 mg), percentages of CO (6%, 12%, and 18%), and percentages of CS (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5%).
Results and conclusion: The optimized formulation resulted in a 22-mm bacterial growth suppression zone, 25-mm fungal growth inhibition zone, droplet sizes of 110 nm, and a viscosity of 750 centipoise (cP). Using the appropriate design, the ideal formulation was produced; it contained 20 mg of PSZ, 18% of CO, and 1.35% of CS. Furthermore, the optimal formulation had a more controlled drug release, larger inhibition zones of bacterial and fungal growth, and desirable rheologic properties. Additionally, the optimized formulation substantially lowered the ulcer index in rats when tested against other formulations. Thus, this investigation showed that PSZ-CO-CS NEs could provide efficient protection against microbially induced gingivitis.
... Given the challenges associated with traditional painkillers, such as diminished efficacy leading to the use of high doses, considerable scientific efforts have been devoted to the design and enhancement of novel anti-inflammatory compounds with unique mechanisms of action for clinical applications [6]. Pharmaceutical companies have undertaken efforts to modify existing anti-inflammatory drugs and have identified a few promising anti-inflammatory compounds as potential replacements for conventional treatments [7]. The remarkable anti-inflammatory properties of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) can be attributed to their large surface area-to-volume ratio. ...
Introduction
Zingiber officinale extract has emerged as a compelling candidate for green synthesis of nanoparticles, offering diverse applications across medicine, cosmetics, and nutrition. This study delves into the investigation of in vitro toxicity and explores the biomedical utility of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from ginger extract (GE-AgNPs).
Methods
We employed established protocols to evaluate in vitro aspects such as antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility of GE-AgNPs. Additionally, molecular docking was employed to assess their anti-lipoxygenase (anti-LOX) activity.
Results
Our findings highlight that the extraction of ginger extract at a pH of 6, utilizing a cosolvent blend of ethanol and ethyl acetate in a 1:1 ratio, yields heightened antioxidant capacity attributed to its rich phenolic and flavonoid content. In the context of silver nanoparticle synthesis, pH 6 extraction yields the highest quantity of nanoparticles, characterized by an average size of 32.64 ± 1.65 nm. Of particular significance, GE-AgNPs (at pH 6) demonstrated remarkable efficacy in scavenging free radicals, as evidenced by an IC50 value of 6.83 ± 0.47 µg/mL. The results from the anti-LOX experiment indicate that GE-AgNPs, at a concentration of 10 µg/mL, can inhibit LOX activity by 25%, outperforming ginger extract which inhibits LOX by 17–18%. Notably, clionasterol exhibited higher binding energy and enhanced stability (-8.9 kcal/mol) compared to nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Furthermore, a cell viability study confirmed the safety of GE-AgNPs at a concentration of 17.52 ± 7.00 µg/mL against the L929 cell line.
Conclusion
These comprehensive findings underscore the significant biomedical advantages of GE-AgNPs and emphasize their potential incorporation into cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 10 µg/mL.
... From our acetic acid-induced writhing model test in mice, we observed that, E. tirucalli extract significantly reduced the no. of writhing at both 200 and 400 mg/kg doses at dose dependent manner. Phytochemicals like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids might be responsible for this analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects as their such properties have already been reported [19] . Constipation is one of the major gastrointestinal problem that is due to stool hardening. ...
This study was conducted on Euphorbia tirucalli, a herb from Euphorbiaceae family in order to assess its some pharmacological effect based on its traditional uses. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various types of phytochemical groups. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents in this extract were 111.4 mg gallic acid equivalence/g, 105.94 mg quercetin equivalence/g and 67 mg gallic acid equivalence/g, respectively. In acetic acid-induced writhing method, this extract reduced the writhing reflex up to 65% at 400 mg/kg dose. This extract increased the stool weight up to 64% in 200 mg/kg dose. In the delayed type hypersensitivity assay, this extract showed immunomodulatory effect up to 17.74% by increasing footpad thickness in 400 mg/kg dose. From molecular docking analysis, we have found 4 compounds showed good binding affinities in anti-inflammatory and laxative tests. These experimental results justify its uses in traditional medicine and these will help to conduct higher researches on this herb.
... CBD, CBG, THCV, CBDV and THC analogues are the cannabinoids derived from hemp extract that are most well researched and currently used in cosmetic preparations. In general, all of the polyphenolic phytocannabinoids have some anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antibacterial and/or antifungal properties [9][10][11]. ...
Cannabinoids derived from hemp, known as phytocannabinoids, are a group of approximately 120 bioactive compounds found in the Cannabis sativa plant. They have gained increasing attention in recent years, emerging as promising ingredients in the cosmetics industry due to their proven therapeutic and cosmetic benefits for skin and hair. It is worth noting that they do not produce psychoactive effects associated with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). This paper summarizes the available published in vitro, in vivo and human studies on cosmetic benefits of cannabinoids for hair and skin. Several of the mechanisms of action of cannabinoids are novel and entirely different from all other cosmetic ingredients because they interact with specific receptors in the hair and skin cells to turn “on” or “off” cellular processes. In addition, there are issues related to the formulation, legal requirements and regulatory considerations associated with incorporating cannabinoids into cosmetics formulations as discussed.
... Other synthetic medications for different symptoms such as inflammation have also been the subject of speculation regarding their potential to cause adverse side effects. Such concerns have increased the popularity of herbal medicines (Beg et al., 2011). Hence, there has been a need to find natural bioactive compounds as alternatives to these synthetic compounds to combat the risk of serious side effects as well as to provide a more sustainable resource, and microalgae can potentially be one of these sources. ...
With the present day rise of interest in acquiring sustainability in the pharmaceutical industry, there has been an emphasis on finding natural resources to replace the use of synthetic compounds used in products. Microalgae have garnered significant attention owing to their natural and sustainable capability to produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Chlorella strains from a tropical region (Chlorella UMACC 051 and Chlorella UMACC 038) and a polar region (Chlorella UMACC 250 and Chlorella UMACC 234). The cultures were grown for 10 d. At the end of the experiment, the specific growth rate, chlorophyll-a content, carotenoid content, biomass, and biochemical composition such as carbohydrate, protein and lipid content were determined. In addition, the phytochemical properties were determined using a total phenolic assay while the antioxidant activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Of all Chlorella strains tested, the tropical Chlorella UMACC 051 showed the fastest growth rate and biomass while the polar Chlorella UMACC 234 contained the highest pigment content and tropical Chlorella UMACC 038 has the highest total phenolic content. The biochemical composition analysis showed all strains have a high lipid content ranging from 45.36% to 60.30% dry weight. All Chlorella strains exhibited a small amount of antioxidant activity (15.42% to 30.15%) and total phenolic content ranging from 1.91 ± 0.04 to 4.43 ± 0.10 mg GAE·g-1 dry weight. The results indicated that polar Chlorella UMACC 234 has the most potential in containing significant amounts of bioactive compounds.
... Berberis vulgaris, Berberis Aristata etc [1]. Beberine is reported to possess anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, antipyretic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects [2][3][4][5][6]. Ayurvedic literature documents Berberis Aristata exhibits significant influence on CNS, [7] Beberine is also found to possess anxiolytic effect in animal models [8]. ...
Objective: Berberine is an isoquinolone alkaloid present in many plants and reported to possess anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, berberine can modulate neurotransmitter like N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), serotonin and Nitric Oxide, thus can produce anticonvulsant effect. Methods: The seizures were induced in mice by maximal pentylenetetrazol and electroshock. The effect of root extract on seizures was compared with standard anticonvulsant agents, phenytoin and diazepam. Results: Theroot extract of berberine aristata suppressed duration of tonic convulsions in maximal electroshock-induced seizures while it delayed time of onset of seizure as well as significantly decreased the duration of myoclonic-jerks-in pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Further, the study also indicated that the root extract of berberine aristata also produced motor impairment at the antiseizure doses. Conclusion: The present study indicated that berberine exhibits anticonvulsant activity in both models and can be useful in epileptic patients.
... Inflammation is a biological process to defend against harmful stimuli leading to some regular events, such as redness, diarrhea, swelling, pain, or even loss of function [197]. There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation. ...
... There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic inflammation. Although inflammation is the way to defend foreign organisms in the human body, more than 99% of inflammation disorders are severe and serious or even contribute to death, for example, asthma [197]. Currently, synthetic molecular drugs (steroidal and nonsteroidal) are used in the treatment to reduce pain and inflammation but with regular toxic and adverse effects [197,198]. ...
... Although inflammation is the way to defend foreign organisms in the human body, more than 99% of inflammation disorders are severe and serious or even contribute to death, for example, asthma [197]. Currently, synthetic molecular drugs (steroidal and nonsteroidal) are used in the treatment to reduce pain and inflammation but with regular toxic and adverse effects [197,198]. For example, aspirin and mefenamic acid could lead to gastric effects, like bleeding, diarrhea, and gastric erosion. ...
In recent decades, natural plant-based foods have been increasingly used to improve human health due to unhealthy modern dietary patterns, such as the consumption of foods high in sugar and fat. Many indigenous species have been used by Aboriginal peoples for their food and therapeutic properties. Thus, it is important to understand the health-enhancing bioactive profile of Australian indigenous species. The Proteaceae family, such as the genera of Protea, Macadamia, and Grevillea, have been commercially used in the horticulture and food industries. Researchers have reported some findings about Persoonia species, one of the genera in the Proteaceae family. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the family Proteaceae and the genus Persoonia, including distribution, traditional and commercial uses, phytochemicals, bioactive properties, potential opportunities, and challenges. In this review, bioactive compounds and their properties related to the health benefits of the Proteaceae family, particularly the Persoonia genus, were reviewed for potential applications in the food industry.
... For those reasons, plant-derived natural anti-inflammatory agents always have the attention of both quack doctors as well as natural product scientists. Phytochemicals like flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids are good choices for drugs possessing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, as well as antipyretic effects (Beg et al., 2011;Alemu et al., 2018). Moreover, many antioxidant compounds are also important in this regard to treat those inflammation-associated diseases. ...
... Ambriz-Prez et al. [96] found that phenolic compounds [104]. Therefore, in recent decades, more effective and safer anti-inflammatory agents from natural traditional medicine, such as phenolic compounds, must be used for their effectiveness in treating several human diseases [105]. ...
Objective: Phenolic compounds are essential for defense reactions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-proliferative activity, and anti-aging activity. Coming from the class of phytomedicine, they are widespread in the plant kingdom and are commonly taken as substances in the daily diet. They are mainly found in various types of edible plants, especially fruits, vegetables, and tea. Phenolic compounds have been investigated for their effects on human health due to their beneficial effects against oxidative stress activities. The proposed main mechanism of this protective effect against harmful oxidation processes is related to the radical scavenging activity of the phenolic compounds due to reactive oxygen and nitrogen substances. The review uses up-to-date data via manual screening of the titles and abstracts of retrieved articles using string pharmaceutical and medical benefits of phenolic compounds as keywords to obtain publications from the electronic databases PubMed and Google Scholar using the publish or perish tool. However, priority has been given to the scientific papers, reports, and literature issued within the past 5 years.Several types of research have been conducted on phenolic compounds due to their potential pharmacological activities. Dietary intake of phenolic compounds is also associated with reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, mainly caused by oxidative stress and behavioral risk factors such as alcohol abuse, tobacco use, a high-fat diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. They are effective in fighting against various types of diseases.Conclusion: This review article highlights the currently available information and knowledge on the potential pharmaceutical and health benefits of phenolic compounds.Keywords: Phenolic compounds, flavanoids, Heart disease, Antioxidant, Cancer, Diabetes mellitus
