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Epistemology, a branch of philosophy, examines and contributes as a theory of knowledge by considering the nature and definition of knowledge as being truth within certain limitations while ontology defines the nature of being, entities that can exist and their categories in groups, hierarchies, or divisions. The main aim of this paper is to embrac...
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... the focus of management research is a socially constructed phenomenon, it is almost impossible to disengage the researcher's own biography (Ashmore, 1989). An overview of epistemology and ontology is shown Figure 1. The researcher's ability in epistemic reflexivity affects the forms and outcomes of a research, though levels of reflexivity in different paradigms differ as shown in Figure 2. In general, objective epistemology relies on objective ontology. ...
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Citations
... The notions from the correspondence theory of truth seem to favor the actions of truths over the concept of truths teleologically, while the concept of correspondence is always human-centric if not anthropocentric. Objectivity tends to deny the subjective nature of epistemology, while differentiation between objective and subjective epistemology is still a key philosophical problem [12]. Scientific activities are about truths and the truth of truth is the consciousness from epistemological constructivism. ...
... The notions from the correspondence theory of truth seem to favor the actions of truths over the concept of truths teleologically, while the concept of correspondence is always human-centric if not anthropocentric. Objectivity tends to deny the subjective nature of epistemology, while differentiation between objective and subjective epistemology is still a key philosophical problem [12]. Scientific activities are about truths and the truth of truth is the consciousness from epistemological constructivism. ...
The research approaches the correspondence theory of truth with Ferdinand de Saussure's Sign Theory. By Kant's epistemological constructivism, the research analyses into both the subjective and objective facets of epistemology in the correspondence theory of truth. The medium, the signifier, and the signified are arranged teleological to the truth in scientific activities, and the correspondence thereof. It reflects on the human-centric and anthropocentric tendencies in modern and contemporary science contributed by the economy of correspondence. The epistemic relationship between anthropocentrism and technologies are discussed with the consciousness nature of the correspondence theory of truth.
... The psychological notions of time in modern sciences are often categorized in the humanities or some overlaps with the social sciences. The two distinctions are often categorized into subject and objective epistemology [2]. ...
... Therefore, ontology is medium dependent and epistemology is not -a brain scientist may say otherwise. [2] stated that "epistemic reflexivity would enable researchers to reflect rationally and hold one's attention at either a methodological or meta-theoretical level". If we take it as a truth that the truth exists independently, and one of us holds the epistemological truth, the premise of scientific method and knowledge production can conflict with the concept of truth for its inevitable involvement of at least one ontological artifact. ...
... With generational thinking in cisgender heterosexual collective unconsciousness, ontology is often considered dependent on epistemology [16,2]. The civilization thinking in modern constructs of computation & information often makes the concept of time inevitably subjective, and topologically bounded to be subjective with the circular Copernicus model which Nietzsche expressed as "eternal return" in the "sun spirit". ...
The article approaches the epistemological question on the concept of time from an anthropological psychology perspective. The differentiation between imminent perceptions and existence beyond imminent perception has been the earliest conceptualization of time found so far in the traces of human civilizations. The research differentiated psychological time from modern physics and astronomy as the basic hypothesis in the inquiries on the concept of time in physics and modern astronomy – is the physical unit of time an ontological existence of things or an inter-subjective concept? The research adopts transcendental philosophy in the questioning of unconsciousness in the sociology of knowledge with a dissection between psychological time and physical units of time. With further questioning into the physics of time, and the nonphysical nature of time, I second with the primordial graviton background’s pragmatic approach, despite of the falsifiability of the Big Bang theory and inflation.
... Therefore, through a social constructivist worldview, this study explores the phenomenon of succession planning in a Ghanaian context. This study adopts the perspective that knowledge is a socially constructed phenomenon, and separating it from its context reflects a rejection of human contact with the external world (Wong et al., 2011). Therefore, a qualitative (phenomenological) approach through exploratory multiple case studies was employed (Stake, 1995;Yin, 2003). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to create a connection between entrepreneurial learning and succession planning in family-owned businesses (FOB), and how they work together to improve a firm’s chances of survival beyond the founder within a Ghanaian context.
Design/methodology/approach
Through a phenomenological study, this work investigates succession planning processes in FOB, with the objective of developing a succession model suitable for the Ghanaian context. Using a constructivist perspective, six family businesses were studied, interviewing the founder, successor, family members, employees and customers therein.
Findings
Existing knowledge has been confirmed that succession is not a one-off event, but a process that takes place over time, requiring the buy-in of not just the founder and successor, but also other stakeholders, including the successor’s siblings and spouse (if any), whose support is imperative to the success of the process. This study reviewed and synthesised relevant research data into a conceptual framework.
Research limitations/implications
This study can potentially inform the basis of a longitudinal study, using the developed framework to confirm its robustness. It can also inform further quantitative research to validate the generalisability of the framework.
Practical implications
The study contributes to FOB practice, the holistic succession model spanning the founder’s entry into the business, to the post-succession period, and incorporating contextual intervening variables such as polygamy, religion and systems of inheritance, while also contributing to theory by proposing a comprehensive succession process theory to enhance understanding of the process.
Originality/value
The study contributes increased understanding of the essential elements in the succession process in an African context, what appropriate measures can be implemented for effective succession outcomes, and how key stakeholders of the business can be effectively managed as part of overseeing the succession process for positive organisational outcomes.
... Methodologically, positivist employs objective measurements to collect research evidence and thereby taking a value-free position (Chen & Hirschheim, 2004). Positivist research typically formulates propositions that are subjected to an empirical test to ensure that they are 78 confirmed in a deductive manner (Wong, Ghazali, & Wong, 2011). According to Khin, Ying, Meng, and Fatt (2011), the positivists are usually preoccupied with several characteristics such as causality replication, generalizability and defining concepts in terms of practicalities. ...
The purpose of the study is to understand the enablers and constraints in work environment virtualisation in a developing country higher education context. The nature of work and work environment are rapidly changing in terms of where, how and when people work. Though globalisation and information technology have been key trends shaping this changing nature of the work environment, Information Systems (IS) research on HEIs systems over the years has focused more on e-learning and the virtual learning environment (VLE). As a result, less research attention has been given to virtualisation of work environment within HEIs. Also, whilst IS research in HEIs has examined technology virtualisation in terms of desktop virtualisation, server virtualisation and network virtualisation, less emphasis has been on work environment virtualisation or the virtualisation of the human work experience. It is thus important that IS research on higher education information systems pays attention not only to the learning environment but also to the work environment since the work environment offers the necessary support for learning. Moreover, previous research on activity theory and IS research have mainly focused on a single actor, a dyad of two subjects or a team but not as multiple actors in a principal-agent relationship engaged in an activity.
To address these gaps, the thesis employs an interpretive case study approach as the methodology and a combined lens of activity and agency theories as the theoretical foundation to understand how an HEI in a developing country context can migrate its physical work environment to virtual work environment. The findings show that the historical nature of the physical work environment, the inefficiency and delays it causes in the work environment can influence an HEI to virtualise its work environment. The findings also identify two levels of contradictions that pose as constraints in work environment virtualisation using an offshore agent. First, contradictions are evident at the HEI activity system level and at the principal-agent relationship level. The findings indicate that the
virtualisation of work environment in HEIs using an external consultant relies on how the HEI and the external consultant work interactively as activity systems, how the contradictions within and between them are resolved and how they learn from these interactions. The findings show how contradictions caused by role conflicts, staff’s fear of elimination and external consultants’ limited understanding of rules and procedures of the HEI context can hamper work environment virtualisation. It shows further that a resolution of these contradictions can lead to a virtual work environment that provides the platform for better and efficient information management.
By employing activity and agency theories as a combined lens, the study offers a novel application of activity theory in work environment virtualisation. It is argued that activity theory can be extended with agency theory to explain contradictions within and between subjects in IS development and implementation. The study is limited by its single case perspective in one developing country. However, future research can compare the experience of different HEIs as well as from a developed country perspective in order to account for contextual differences. The study provides practitioners with insights on how to address the relationship between users, designers and implementers in IS development and implementation process. In particular, it addresses the critical issues in the migration process in terms of social rules, division of labour and community. The study is a first attempt to offer rich insight into how HEIs can virtualise its work environment through a contextual understanding of the principal-agent relationship.
... Related with this, philosophical thinking (included in the financial field) keeps developing because humans are free to do self-reflection (Wong, Musa, & Wong, 2011). There are imbalances in differences in meaning from a particular concept that can be bridged through philosophy. ...
... Adopting the positivism paradigm (Wong, Musa, & Wong, 2011), this paper employs a quantitative method to examine the motivations and overall satisfaction of 'Malaysia My Second Home' (MM2H) participants. Survey questionnaires were deployed to deductively explore participant perspectives and experience retiring in Malaysia. ...
Malaysia's second home retirement tourism programme attracted participants globally and reached its peak in 2013. The numbers started to dwindle in 2014, particularly among the once-top nationalities: the British, Japanese, and Iranians. The lack of data on the participants' motives and satisfaction levels in quantitative forms justifies the need for this study. This research examines the ‘Malaysia My Second Home’ (MM2H) participants' motivation, satisfaction, and the relationship between the two constructs. Of the 504 usable samples, we used 280 for scale development and 224 for the structural model assessment. The empirical analyses validated the conceptual model. The results revealed four ‘push’ and seven ‘pull’ motivation factors respectively. Push motivations (β = 0.568) displayed a stronger influence on the participants' overall satisfaction. The findings suggest the need for human centric marketing strategies and improvement in the central government management to enhance the attractiveness of the MM2H programme for international retirees.
... It focuses on demographic profiling and spending dynamics of the participants. Thus, we adopted the positivism doctrine (Wong, Musa, & Wong, 2011) and employed a quantitative research method. ...
While most of the second home retirement tourism studies are qualitative in nature, knowledge on retirees' demographic profile and their spending dynamics is limited. We sampled Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H) participants at multiple data collection points, and received 504 usable completed questionnaires for analysis. The majority of the participants (56.3%) are aged between 60 and 69 years, mainly from Japan, the UK, and Australia. Their favourite residential locations are Klang Valley, Penang, Langkawi, Sabah, and Sarawak. Most of them stay about 10–12 months yearly in Malaysia, and spend an average of RM 6030 a month. Based on the recorded 29,390 second home participants, we calculate the potential direct spending contribution from MM2H participants to the Malaysian economy as RM 1.68 billion a year. We propose some marketing and managerial recommendations.
... Consequently, epistemology is defines as a branch of research philosophy, examines and contributes as a theory of knowledge by considering the nature and definition of knowledge as being truth within certain limitations. Meanwhile, ontology defines the nature of being, entities that can exist and their categories in groups, hierarchies, or divisions [13]. Positivist ontology and epistemology were engaged in the research which positivist researchers' emphasis on measurable data using highly standardised tools such as questionnaire [14]. ...
... It is due to the fact that as the number of experts increase, the probability of chance agreement decreases [19]- [21]. The content validity of the survey also could be attained through four members of experts [13]. ...
Hospital disaster resilience assessment is a process of analysing the condition of the site, building, people and operations through a checklist of indicators (i.e., structural, non-structural and functional). As in 2011, Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction has been established with twofold objectives: 1) by 2011, assessments on the safety of existing hospital facilities to be undertaken and 2) by 2015, action plans for hospitals should be developed and implemented in disaster prone countries. Howbeit the initiative was established, valid instruments for assessing resilience of existing hospital are lacking particularly in Malaysia. Hence, the objective of the paper is to evaluate the content validity of the disaster resilience hospital assessment instrument. Two methods were employed in the form of document analysis (7 instruments) and CVR & CVI questionnaire (6 experts). Based on the document analysis, 129 elements with three main constructs are suggested to be incorporated in the instrument. The CVR scores revealed that 48 out of 129 items are regarded as the utmost critical (structural - 2; non-structural - 7; and functional - 39). The findings for I-CVI and modified kappa coefficient however revealed that 122 items in the instrument are appropriate and excellent. The remaining seven items values are considered fair and poor and recommended to be eliminated. In addition, based on the S-CVI/Ave it is revealed that the content validity of the proposed instrument is adequate. As for this reason, it is noteworthy that the instrument to be highly regarded for evaluating the existing hospitals’ resilience.
The article approaches the epistemological question on the concept of time from an anthropological psychology perspective. The differentiation between imminent perceptions and existence beyond imminent perception has been the earliest conceptualization of time found so far in the traces of human civilizations. The research differentiated psychological time from modern physics and astronomy as the basic hypothesis in the inquiries on the concept of time in physics and modern astronomy – is the physical unit of time an ontological existence of things or an inter-subjective concept? The research adopts transcendental philosophy in the questioning of unconsciousness in the sociology of knowledge with a dissection between psychological time and physical units of time. With further questioning into the physics of time, and the nonphysical nature of time, the concept of singularity originated from special relativity is explained by the philosophical, or some might say metaphysical, inquiries.
