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Overview of Satellite and Terrestrial AIS Segments Source: Authors
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The Automatic identification System (AIS) has been mainly designed to improve safety and efficiency of navigation, environmental protection, coastal traffic monitoring simplifying identification and communication. Additionally, historical AIS data have been used in many other areas of maritime safety, economic and environmental research. The probab...
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Context 1
... ETA and delay prediction are crucial for effective short and mid-term planning, espe- cially in liner services. In Figure 2, the overview of satellite and terrestrial AIS segments has been presented. The rel- evant near real-time data together with the historical data from satellite and terrestrial AIS sources could be incorpo- rated in the decision making algorithm. ...
Context 2
... ETA and delay prediction are crucial for effective short and mid-term planning, espe- cially in liner services. In Figure 2, the overview of satellite and terrestrial AIS segments has been presented. The rel- evant near real-time data together with the historical data from satellite and terrestrial AIS sources could be incorpo- rated in the decision making algorithm. ...
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The maritime shipping industry has been making significant contributions to the development of the regional and global economy. However, maritime accidents and their severe consequences have been posing an incrementing risk to the individuals and societies. It is therefore important to conduct risk analysis on such accidents to support maritime saf...
Citations
... Aireon in 2019 accomplished its construction of global air traffic surveillance by deploying ADS-B receivers on the Iridium NEXT satellite constellation [14]. Spire Global is building a nanosatellite constellation for aviation ADS-B and its first member nanosatellites were launched in 2018 [15]. It is foreseen that more and more satellites carrying ADS-B receivers will be launched into space to meet the rapidly growing demand for next-generation air traffic surveillance. ...
... For more details, see [16]. (15) where ξ and χ are the azimuth angle and elevation angle of the boresight vector expressed in the orbit frame, as is shown in Figure 4. This case has been discussed by Kaixing Zhou and Xiucong Sun et al. ...
Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) is a very important communication and surveillance technology in air traffic control (ATC). In the future, more and more satellites will carry out ADS-B technology to perform a global coverage. In order to make full use of the resources in the satellite, this paper proposes a solution for satellite three-axis attitude determination using the ADS-B receiver. The principle of ADS-B-based attitude determination is presented first. On this basis, ADS-B-based methods are employed to solve the problem. To achieve a higher attitude determination precision, gyro is combined with the ADS-B receiver using a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF). Finally, a simulation is carried out and the result is presented.
... Its use is mandatory for all ships under the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), determined by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). Although used primary in maritime contexts such as ship identification, collision avoidance or traffic monitoring [8], the available AIS data is a valuable source for various research interests [9]. AIS data is static (e.g., ship identification, basic dimensions, type), dynamic (e.g., position, speed over ground, heading), voyage-related (e.g., navigation status, draft, cargo type) or in form of short safety-related messages. ...
The characterization of ship routes and route similarity measurement based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data are topics of various scientific interests. Common route research approaches use available AIS identifiers of ship types. However, assessing route and similarity profiles for individual fleets requires collecting data from secondary sources, dedicated software libraries or the creation of specific methods. Using an open-source approach, public AIS and ship data, we evaluate route characteristics for the container ships of a single fleet in a six-month period, calling on two selected ports of the shipping line on the USA East Coast. We evaluate the routes in terms of length, duration and speed, whereas for the similarity measurement we employ the discrete Fréchet distance (DFD). The voyage length, duration and average speed distributions were observed to be moderately positive (0.77), negative (−0.62), and highly positively skewed based on the adjusted Fisher–Pearson coefficient of skewness (1.23). The most similar voyages were from the same ships, with the lowest discrete Fréchet distance similarity value (0.9 NM), whereas 2 different ships had the most dissimilar voyages, with the highest DFD value (14.1 NM). The proposed methodology enables assessment of similarities between individual ships, or between fleets.
... by gear type per day. Despite the GFW dataset beginning in 2012, this study analyzes data from 2014 onwards, as legislation for mandatory AIS installations on fishing vessels was first enacted in 2014.Furthermore, several new AIS satellites have been launched by multiple major service providers since late 2013 onwards, which has increased spatial and temporal coverage year on year(Fournier et al., 2018;Šakan et al., 2018;Skauen, 2019). fishing hours for each seamount were established by aggregating daily fishing hours from the previous December until the following November to align with the annual cycle of oceanographic seasons(Giovannoni & Vergin, 2012). ...
Seamounts are prominent features of the seafloor that are often located in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJs). Whilst comprehensive biological information is lacking on most of these features, they have been recognised for hosting high biodiversity across multiple trophic levels. Technological advancements have enabled greater exploitation of biological resources further offshore with increasing concern over the long‐term impacts of anthropogenic activities on vulnerable distant and deep‐sea habitats. Analysis of ex situ vessel tracking technologies such as Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) have enabled spatial patterns of fishing activity to be monitored over large geographical areas. In this study, analysis of fishing activity within 30 km of seamount summits at the global scale found that these features within the waters of the Pacific Island Group and the Mediterranean Sea were subject to the highest levels of longlining and trawling activities respectively. Fishing in proximity to seamounts is dominated by the flag states of Taiwan, China, Japan, South Korea and Spain. Furthermore, our results reveal that the majority of sea areas managed by many Regional Fishery Management Organisations (RFMOs) have experienced increased fishing activity at seamounts compared to areas in the same ocean basin without management. This study demonstrates how free web‐accessible data can be used to gain insights into remote areas where in situ research is prohibitively expensive and logistically challenging.
... Figure 2 shows two images differentiating the standard AIS signals, where 23 ships are located, and the exactAIS signals supported by satellite signals with 253 ships. AIS data collection and its use with satellite signals have had a great impact on maritime transport as the data have been used for traffic management, risk management, marine accident investigation, and many others [25]. The analysis of the routes of ocean-going vessels with the use of AIS satellite data is also of great importance for the protection of the environment, since it is possible to estimate air pollutant emissions from ships, and thus attempt to reduce emissions [25]. ...
... AIS data collection and its use with satellite signals have had a great impact on maritime transport as the data have been used for traffic management, risk management, marine accident investigation, and many others [25]. The analysis of the routes of ocean-going vessels with the use of AIS satellite data is also of great importance for the protection of the environment, since it is possible to estimate air pollutant emissions from ships, and thus attempt to reduce emissions [25]. ...
In this paper, the authors perform a comprehensive literature review on the use of data obtained from the Automatic Identification System, with an emphasis on vessel route prediction and seaport operations. The usage of Automatic Identification System vessel’s position data in the vessel route prediction and seaport operations has been analyzed, to prove that Automatic Identification System data has a large potential to improve the efficiency of maritime transport. The authors concluded that proper vessel route prediction and route planning can improve voyage safety and reduce unnecessary costs. Furthermore, AIS can provide port authorities with early warnings, allowing them to take preemptive action to avoid possible congestions and unnecessary costs.
... However, AIS data quantity and low quality make capitalizing on its potential challenging [2]. While the advancement of AIS data seems promising, it does have certain limits that should be addressed [3]. AIS is a component of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). ...
In this paper, an Arduino microcontroller-based android application system is developed for the inland waterway. This Android-based automatic identification system (AIS) is cost-effective compare to a conventional AIS system. More information can be added as per requirements. The proposed device can show the exact position, including the latitude, longitude, speed of a sea vessel or ship. The device is adaptable with very high frequency (VHF), a global positioning system (GPS) and additional devices used in a ship. The proposed A-AIS system can easily track a ship and able to reduce the collision between two ships. Authority can easily track as well as can access the information about that specific ship by this device. It can also be used effectively in worse weather conditions to communicate with nearby rescue providers.
... The Automatic Identification System (AIS) has been discussed in a number of studies as it represents an aid that significantly contributes to the safety of navigation [6,9,10,[13][14][15]. Some of these studies focus on the errors that occur when using the AIS system [2,3,7,8]. ...
The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices for ensuring the safety of navigation and the errors occurring when using AIS equipment have been the focus of a number of research studies. The users of AIS equipment installed onboard sea-going vessels are required to be familiar with the proper use of the devices and potential errors that may occur. A significant problem revealed in this study is the lack of understanding of potential error sources and the necessity to eliminate such errors prior to transmission of the AIS data message reading of the errors and failure to update the data processed by the AIS system. This results in a hypothesis on the insufficient training of seafarers and their familiarisation with the AIS devices and errors. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of navigation in the Adriatic Sea, as well as other seas, i.e. better accident prevention and protection of human life and material property at sea. The results produced by the research are used as an input for creating a model for enhancing the safety of navigation when using the AIS, through additional training of the seafarers.
... AIS data was processed through VHF signals between base stations at the coast and vessels previously. The problem with the first implementation was that AIS signals could not be received when vessels were too far away from the base stations at the coast, which is still one of the common limitations of AIS data (Carson-Jackson, 2012;Le Guyader et al., 2017;Šakan et al., 2018;L. Zhao et al., 2018) Hence, there was an interest to increase the range to track vessels further away from the coast. ...
... AIS has originally been introduced for navigational safety and can help to prevent vessel collisions, which is quite similar to using GPS for the same purpose (Ngai et al., 2012). A great number of studies mention this original risk and safety-related purpose (Alessandrini et al., 2019;Goerlandt & Kujala, 2011;Greidanus et al., 2015;Harati-Mokhtari et al., 2007;Last et al., 2015;Ou & Zhu, 2008;Pallotta et al., 2013;Papi et al., 2015;Šakan et al., 2018). AIS data could also provide legal evidence in case of a collision (Ou & Zhu, 2008;L. ...
... Both have advantages and disadvantages. Terrestrial AIS has a limited range (Carson-Jackson, 2012;Le Guyader et al., 2017;Šakan et al., 2018;L. Zhao et al., 2018) but is more accurate than S-AIS (Greidanus et al., 2015). ...
Automatic Identification System (AIS) is used to identify vessels in maritime navigation. Currently, it is used for various commercial purposes. However, the abundance and lack of quality of AIS data make it difficult to capitalize on its value. Therefore, an understanding of both the limitations of AIS data and the opportunities is important to maximize its value, but these have not been clearly stated in the existing literature. This study aims to help researchers and practitioners understand AIS data by identifying both the promises and perils of AIS data. We identify the different applications and limitations of AIS data in the literature and build upon them in a sequential mixed-design study. We first identify the promises and perils that exist in the literature. We then analyze AIS data from the port of Amsterdam quantitatively to detect noise and to find the perils researchers and practitioners could encounter. Our results incorporate quantitative findings with qualitative insights obtained from interviewing domain experts. This study extends the literature by considering multiple limitations of AIS data across different domains at the same time. Our results show that the amount of noise in AIS data depends on factors such as the equipment used, external factors, humans, dense traffic etc. The contribution that our paper makes is in combining and making a comprehensive list of both the promises and perils of AIS data. Consequently, this study helps researchers and practitioners to (i) identify the sources of noise, (ii) to reduce the noise in AIS data and (iii) use it for the benefits of their research or the optimization of their operations.
... Some of the challenges of the Satellite AIS technology (a vessel identification system that tracks the location of vessels in the most remote areas of the world (Jović et al., 2020)), include satellite revisit times, message collision, and ship detection probability. The data processing latency and lacking the continuous real-time coverage have made it less reliable for end users in certain aspects of monitoring and data analysis (Šakan, Rudan, Žuškin, Brčić, 2018). ...
This paper presents an analysis of selected information management technologies (Big Data/data management, data standardization and Port/vessel traffic management) in electronic Transportation Management Systems, with an emphasis on maritime transport. The theoretical frameworks and economic aspects of transportation and Transportation Management Systems are provided. SWOT Analysis of the Big Data/data management, data standardization and Port/vessel traffic management (from an internal and external perspective) is conducted. The research has shown that information management technologies may be beneficial in improving e-TMS performance.
... Analyses of oceangoing ship routes are also important in the function of environmental protection. The analyses of ship routes in the mentioned oceanic areas covered by S-AIS could be very important to estimate air pollution emissions from ships, seeking to minimize their negative impact [49]. ...
... The data processing latency and lacking the continuous real-time coverage have made it less reliable for end users in certain aspects of monitoring and data analysis. Recent developments and improvements by leading S-AIS service providers have reduced latency issues [49]. ...
As maritime transport produces a large amount of data from various sources and in different formats, authors have analysed current applications of Big Data by researching global applications and experiences and by studying journal and conference articles. Big Data innovations in maritime transport (both cargo and passenger) are demonstrated, mainly in the fields of seaport operations, weather routing, monitoring/tracking and security. After the analysis, the authors have concluded that Big Data analyses can provide deep understanding of causalities and correlations in maritime transport, thus improving decision making. However, there exist major challenges of an efficient data collection and processing in maritime transport, such as technology challenges, challenges due to competitive conditions etc. Finally, the authors provide a future perspective of Big Data usage in maritime transport.
The reliability aspects of the operation of radio navigation systems constitute a crucial element for the safety of maritime navigation.. Technological progress in ship traffic monitoring is achieved through the design of ship systems and shore infrastructure equipped with Automatic Identification System (AIS) devices. One of the issues with AIS operation is the limited availability of the service in the form of data streams with an extended data age recorded on the receiving side. Another problem is the emission and reception by ships of incomplete positional reports without navigational parameters. Such situations render the system operationally unfit in terms of processed information. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the operational characteristics of radio navigation systems and develop tools to monitor the AIS service status on the receiving side. This article presents the development of a model for the availability of an AIS for vessels based on the determined mean time of the occurrence of incomplete navigation parameter values in AIS messages and the results of research in the domain of time and frequency using a mathematical method of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The study results refer to six basic navigation parameters and show a varying service availability factor for the navigation parameters under study, i.e. the latitude (LAT), longitude (LON), speed over ground (SOG), course over ground (COG), heading (HDT), and the rate of turn (ROT). The data recorded by three receiving AIS stations on the Polish coast, i.e. PLKOL, PLSZZ, and PLSWI, were used as a key source of practical knowledge on the limitations of the AIS service availability. The experiment observed interruptions in the regular transmission of data from navigation equipment in the AIS service operational zone. As a result, the functional relationship was described based on the spectral analysis of the frequency of occurrence of times between the service repair (Time To Repair, TTR), and the model was proposed to be applied to the study of other variables. The presented model is a tool that allows for improving the monitoring of vessel traffic in terms of reliability, which directly affects the improvement of maritime traffic safety.
