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Overview of Recent Publications on Proteomics and Plant-Pathogens Relationships, Partim Viruses. For Abbreviations, Please Refer to Table 2
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Being sessile, plants mainly depend on physiological and metabolic adaptations to obtain the phenotypic flexibility required to withstand the adverse biotic and abiotic growth conditions with which they are faced everyday. While the responses of plants to abiotic stresses are mainly focussed on maintaining cellular homeostasis, in the response to b...
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... Biotic stress in plants affects its growth stage including seed germination, plant growth, and fruit setting or yield and massively affects crop productivity (Huseynova 2014). Pathogens attack the plants in three ways: (i) necrotrophic (entire plant tissue is affected), (ii) biotrophic (pathogen acts as parasite or symbiont to survive and keeps the plant cells alive), and (iii) hemibiotrophic (initially keeps the host plant alive likely in the biotrophic phase and kills the plant in the second phase) (Sergeant and Renaut 2010). Biotic stress accounts for overall 68% of crop loss worldwide. ...
Biotic stress in plants is considered one of the main environmental constraints which ultimately affects crop performance. Biotic agents such as pests, viruses, insects, fungi, and nematodes cause the malnourishment of plants by depriving them of nutrient content when interacting. It also affects photosynthetic activity and eventually makes the plants die in serious conditions. Globally, it is reported that 70–80% of plant diseases are caused by fungal organisms. Plants respond to fungal infections by the innate and systemic defense mechanisms. Although the plant has a natural defense against stress factors, fungal infections could affect the entire plant system and spread rapidly through spores in many cases. Therefore, effective and eco-friendly strategies are needed to be developed to mitigate fungal infection in plants. Nano-agricultural technology has become a promising strategy to control both resilient and persistent fungal infections in plants. Recent advancements made with nanoparticles to control plant fungal diseases have a better ability to prevent infection, maintain sustainable production, reduce environmental pollution, and have lesser toxic effects compared to conventional chemical methods in agriculture. The physicochemical properties of the engineered nanomaterials, specifically to the targeted pathogen, enable the plants to counteract and survive the infection. The nano-sized structure and high surface area of the synthesized nano-fungicides ensure the efficiency and availability of antifungal agents to the crops. This chapter reveals the advantages and applications of nanomaterials and their mode of action to reduce pathogenic fungal infection in plants.
... Proteomics is an important tool to describe diverse processes in the plant kingdom, such as morphogenetic, physiological, and biochemical changes during the development of tissues and organs (Di Michele et al., 2006;Tian et al., 2009;Mohamad et al., 2011;Takáč, Pechan & Šamaj, 2011;Martínez-Márquez et al., 2013;Martínez-Esteso et al., 2014). In addition, proteomics can facilitate the analysis of proteins related to different biotic and abiotic stresses (Sergeant & Renaut, 2010;Fernandez-Garcia et al., 2011;Trupiano et al., 2012;Aghaei & Komatsu, 2013;Ghosh & Xu, 2014;Fang et al., 2015;Garcia de la Garma et al., 2015;Chmielewska et al., 2016;Martinez-Esteso et al., 2016). Furthermore, proteomics enables the study of proteins engaged in biosynthetic pathways that lead to the biosynthesis of SMs in medicinal plants (Senthil et al., 2011;Martinez-Esteso et al., 2011;Champagne et al., 2012;Bhattacharyya et al., 2012;Ma et al., 2013;Sud, Chauhan & Tandon, 2014;Bryant et al., 2015;Martínez-Esteso et al., 2015). ...
With the aim of exploring the source of the high variability observed in the production of perezone, in Acourtia cordata wild plants, we analyze the influence of soil parameters and phenotypic characteristics on its perezone content. Perezone is a sesquiterpene quinone responsible for several pharmacological effects and the A . cordata plants are the natural source of this metabolite. The chemistry of perezone has been widely studied, however, no studies exist related to its production under natural conditions, nor to its biosynthesis and the environmental factors that affect the yield of this compound in wild plants. We also used a proteomic approach to detect differentially expressed proteins in wild plant rhizomes and compare the profiles of high vs . low perezone-producing plants. Our results show that in perezone-producing rhizomes, the presence of high concentrations of this compound could result from a positive response to the effects of some edaphic factors, such as total phosphorus (P t ), total nitrogen (N t ), ammonium (NH 4 ), and organic matter (O. M.), but could also be due to a negative response to the soil pH value. Additionally, we identified 616 differentially expressed proteins between high and low perezone producers. According to the functional annotation of this comparison, the upregulated proteins were grouped in valine biosynthesis, breakdown of leucine and isoleucine, and secondary metabolism such as terpenoid biosynthesis. Downregulated proteins were grouped in basal metabolism processes, such as pyruvate and purine metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Our results suggest that soil parameters can impact the content of perezone in wild plants. Furthermore, we used proteomic resources to obtain data on the pathways expressed when A. cordata plants produce high and low concentrations of perezone. These data may be useful to further explore the possible relationship between perezone production and abiotic or biotic factors and the molecular mechanisms related to high and low perezone production.
... The proteome is the total set of proteins present in a biological unit, in a specific cell or tissue at a particular developmental or cellular phase (Claudia et al., 2018).Proteomes present in an organism rely on number of factors, such as plant's developmental stage, response to stress conditions (biotic and abiotic), origin of tissue being examined, and the cellular compartments being studied (Renaut et al., 2006;Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). Hence, proteomics is essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms vital to plant growth and development. ...
No resistance endures permanently in an evolutionary sense. A resistance’s level of durability may be thought of as a quantitative feature; resistances might be very durable or completely non-lasting (ephemeral or fleeting). According to experts, fungi and bacteria with a limited host range exhibit ephemeral resistance. A hypersensitive response (HR), substantial gene inheritance, and several resistance genes many of which often appear in multiple allelic series and/or complicated lociare its defining traits. These resistance genes (alleles) interact gene for gene with the pathogen’s avirulence genes (alleles) to produce an unfavourable response. By causing a loss mutation in the associated avirulence allele, the pathogen counteracts the action of the resistance gene. The pathogenicity is reinstated and the incompatible response is no longer induced. Without losing fitness, the pathogens may tolerate the loss of several avirulences. Durable resistance to specialised bacteria and fungi is often quantitative and dependent on the cumulative effects of many genes, resulting in a different kind of resistance than the hypersensitive response. In most commercialcultivars, this quantitative resistance to practically all diseases is found at low to
good levels. Durable monogenic resistance also exists, and it’s often of the non-HR
kind. Resistance to bacteria and fungi with broad host ranges is often quantitative
and long-lasting. Even when they are based on HR resistances that are monogenic,
race-specific, viral resistances are often very resilient. The degree of specialisation
does not seem to be related to how long a resistance lasts.
Go back young man and gather up your weary and defeated genes of the past,
take your currently successful genes, find some new ones if you can, and build yourself a genetic pyramid.(Nelson, 1978, p. 376)
... Biotic stress is a serious problem that barley crop must deal with. Interaction with certain biological agents can conduce to negative effects leading to changes in the metabolism of the host such as necrosis, morphological changes, or even death (Sergeant and Renaut 2010). The most important types of pathogens are bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and fungi. ...
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal crop used for food, but it is vulnerable to adverse environments. Abiotic and biotic stress cause alterations in physiological and molecular mechanisms of the barley crop. Many stressors could impact on the development of barley and its quality. Proteomic technologies could be a powerful tool to unravel molecular mechanisms under stress and enables us to obtain new candidates biomarkers of stress. This review is focused on discussing the recent state of the art and current advance in proteomics studies involving in barley under stress. Functional enrichments have been executed with assorted bioinformatics methodologies applied to differentially expressed stress proteins identified in barley. Our results indicate that regardless of the type of abiotic stress analyzed, salinity or drought, catalytic and oxidoreductase activity are the most enriched Gene Ontology terms, as well as the defense processes under biotic stress. These enrichment results from the literature reviewed herein provided an overview of the possible molecular mechanism of stress resistance which could be useful for further analyze to improve stress tolerance in barley crop. This review rounds off with the identification of possible areas requiring further research.
... Biotic stress on plants such as caused by fungi, nematodes, insects, virus and bacteria are an important cause of crop devastation (Strange and Scott, 2005;Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). The use of chemicals can cause health problems in humans as well as environmental pollution (Wang et al., 2020). ...
... Which type of stress to be imposed on plant is decided by the climate in which plant is growing and ability of plant to tolerate that stress condition? Photosynthesis is affected by biotic and abiotic stresses, for example leaf area is reduced by chewing insects and rate of photosynthesis per leaf area is reduced by virus infection (Sah et al., 2016;Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). Even though abiotic stresses like drought and heat take over the entire diversity of plants, biotic stresses can also be absolutely vital on a variety of geographical region. ...
Climate changes and increasing human population is experiencing by most of the countries throughout the world, so, for production of crops with enhanced adaptation to the environment and high yield reliance through conventional breeding technologies seemed to be fully supporting now a days. It requires those techniques that increase crop yield in less time through developing resistance of plants for stress factors. Fortunately, for improvement of crops under the abiotic and biotic stress conditions, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) approach provided a way towards new horizon and consequently revolutionizing the plant breeding approach. This review article presents the optimization and mechanism of CRISPR strategy and its huge number of applications for crop improvement like domestication, fruit quality improvement, resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses is most highlighted aspect. In this review article there is a brief summary about CRISPR/Cas9 technique and its role in increasing agricultural yield by gene knock in or knock out. It also presents number of evidence based studies where this approach has been used for making plants resistant to biotic factors. Future perspectives and controversies have also been discussed.
... However, proteins are dynamic in nature as they are subjected to alternate splicing and post-transcriptional and translational modi cations (PTM). Thus, the number of protein surpass coding sequences as there is no one-to-one relationship between protein numbers and coding sequences, making protein identi cation more complex than gene identi cation [95]. The impact of biotic stresses has multifarious effects on proteome content as it alters the quantity, cellular localization, PTM, protein-protein interactions, and biological function [96]. ...
Biotic stress is a critical factor limiting soybean growth and development. Soybean responses to biotic stresses such as insects, nematodes, and fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens are governed by complex regulatory and defense mechanisms. Next-generation sequencing has availed research techniques and strategies in genomics and postgenomics. This review summarizes the available information on marker resources, quantitative trait loci, and marker trait associations involved in regulating biotic stress responses in soybean. We discuss the differential expression of related genes and proteins reported in different transcriptomics and proteomics studies and the role of signaling pathways and metabolites reported in metabolomic studies. Recent advances in omics technologies offer opportunities to reshape and improve biotic stress resistance in soybean by altering gene regulation and/or other regulatory networks. We recommend using ‘integrated omics’ to understand how soybean responds to different biotic stresses. We discuss the potential challenges of integrating multiomics for functional analysis of genes and their regulatory networks and the development of biotic stress-resistant cultivars. This review will help direct soybean breeding programs to develop resistance against different biotic stresses.
... Plant R-genes and the corresponding pathogen-produced avirulence (avr) genes are part of the evolutionary arms race during establishment of disease. In plant system, R Genes can be broadly categorized into six classes based on their amino acid motif organization and their membrane spanning domains (Table : 01) (Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). R-genes are highly-specific in pathogen recognition activity by directly recognizing the Avr gene product and trigger the activation of various downstream responses, including; PR-gene induction, accumulation of inhibitory metabolites and production of reactive oxygen species through the oxidative burst response that can lead to the hypersensitive response (HR), which is a form of programmed cell death (Wally and Punja, 2010). ...
... Naturally occurring PR proteins are constitutively expressed at low levels and are induced to high levels during pathogen challenge or application of either salicylic acid or jasmonic acid. They have a variety of functions, including degrading the fungal cell walls, membranes, RNA or are involved in generating secondary metabolites or increasing cell physical barriers (Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). Chitinases (PR-3, 4, 8 and 11) and β1-3 glucanases (PR-2) have been investigated extensively since they are hydrolytic enzymes that serve to break down the main structural components of fungal cell walls, chitin and laminarin (Wally and Punja, 2010). ...
... Modifications of existing innate signaling pathways, including SAR and ISR, can activate a number of transcription factors, increasing the expression of a large number of defense genes. The major drawback to activating entire signaling pathways is the high fitness cost and potential yield reduction associated with constitutive expression of a large number of genes (Sergeant and Renaut, 2010). Therefore, genes that activate partial pathways or augment pathways are ideal candidates. ...
Multiple biotic and abiotic environmental stress factors affect negatively various aspects of plant growth, development, and crop productivity. Plants, as sessile organisms, have developed, in the course of their evolution and have efficient strategies of response to avoid, tolerate, or adapt to different types of stress situations. The diverse stress factors that plants have to face often activate similar cell signaling pathways and cellular responses, such as the production of stress proteins, upregulation of the antioxidant machinery, and accumulation of compatible solutes. Over the last few decades advances in plant physiology, genetics, and molecular biology have greatly improved our understanding of plant responses to abiotic stress conditions. In this chapter, recent progresses on systematic studies of plant responses to stress including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and transgenic-based approaches are also summarized.
... Unlike the genome of an organism which is a relatively fixed entity, the proteome is dynamic. Hence, there are potentially many proteomes present in an organism that depends upon a number of factors, such as plant's developmental stage, response to stress conditions (biotic and abiotic), origin of tissue being examined, and the cellular compartments being studied (Renaut et al. 2006;Sergeant and Renaut 2010). Therefore, the study of proteome, i.e., Proteomics is pivotal for understanding the molecular mechanisms fundamental to plant growth and development (Chen et al. 2006). ...
Crop plants are hosting a variety of microorganisms in their surroundings, some are beneficial, but others are causing diseases that account for huge financial losses to the farmers. To prevent these, we need to understand molecular machinay of plant–pathogen interactions and genes/proteins involved in concerned biochemical pathways. Omics has provided us various approaches to unveil the different key components responsible for disease resistance/susceptibility. In this article, we are highlighting the existing omics techniques, i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and phenomics which yield valuable data, along with bioinformatics, networks and system biology which aid in analyzing this enormous data for novel discovery. We are also highlighting the application of omics in the prevention and management of crop plant diseases, which include designing and development of markers, immunodiagnostic kits, defence inducers, agrochemicals and disease resistant transgenic plants. Thus, concluding that omics is a solution for safe, fast and efficient way to prevent and manage complex and recalcitrant diseases in crop plants.
... These dead Cas-proteins (dCas9/dCas12a) can also be used for gene control, epigenetic alteration, chromosomal analysis, and much more . Fig. 7 Sergeant and Renaut, 2010;Singla and Krattinger, 2016). Except for these beneficial interactions, most encounters between plants and biotic agents are usually parasite relationships, which could reduce plant productivity and viability. ...
Crop improvements for global food security are underway using new plant breeding technologies. The rising human population along with depleting resources has exerted tremendous pressure on researchers to increase the food supply. Plant genetic engineering has played a substantial role in developing better crops with enhanced traits. RNA interference (RNAi), an evolutionarily conserved defense mechanism in eukaryotes, has shown remarkable potential for plant genetic engineering over time. Improvements using RNAi such as resistance against biotic/abiotic stresses, induction of male sterility, nutritional modifications, and so on, remained a subject of great interest. In this decade, the revolutionary discovery of CRISPR-Cas [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas)] technology boosted crop science with futuristic opportunities based on its efficacy, site-specificity, robustness, and generating a paralleled natural variant. Here, we discuss the applications of RNAi and CRISPR technology for crop improvements focusing on the developing countries.
