Figure 5
Overlapping geographical distributions of three different clades of Busseola fusca (adapted from Sezonlin et al. 2006).
Source publication
Busseola fusca Background Information, Introduction, Known Distribution, Description and Biology, Host Crops and Other Plants, Potential Distribution
(http://purl.umn.edu/249755)
Context in source publication
Context 1
... CLIMEX model presented here was fitted to extreme- ly coarse distribution information, and encompasses three different clades with overlapping geographical dis- tributions ( Figure 5; Sezonlin et al. 2006;Fe lix et al. 2009). Hence, the stress functions and potential range limits of the species complex should be interpreted as being broadly indicative only. ...
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Citations
... According to the GenBank sequence database, the only available sequences for this species at present are limited to some COI (Peterson et al., 2016), cyt b (Sezonlin et al., 2006a;Sezonlin et al., 2006b;Sezonlin et al., 2012;Peterson et al., 2016) and microsatellite data (Faure and Silvain, 2005). The distribution, diapause and reproductive biology (sex ratio, longevity and fecundity) of B. fusca is described in Calatayud et al. (2014), Hauptfleisch et al. (2014) and Kruger et al. (2012), but is still poorly understood. This, in combination with its larval-specific behaviour (Erasmus et al., 2016), may pose problems for managing the spread of current resistant B. fusca populations or resistance development in other susceptible populations of this pest (Van den Berg and Campagne, 2015). ...
Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major insect pest of maize in sub-Saharan Africa, has developed high levels of non-recessive resistance to Cry1Ab toxin expressed in genetically modified Bt maize. Multiple resistance mechanisms to various Cry toxins have been identified in Lepidoptera, but no study has yet been done to determine the mechanism of Cry1Ab resistance in B. fusca. Therefore, the larval transcriptome of B. fusca was sequenced, de novo assembled and characterized. Differential expression analysis was performed to compare gene expression profiles of Cry toxin challenged and unchallenged neonate larvae to assess the molecular basis of the defence mechanism employed by this insect. Several genes associated with Cry toxin resistance in other lepidopteran pests were detected in B. fusca. Results suggest that differential expression of metabolic and immune-related genes might explain Cry1Ab toxin defence in this pest (supplemental file). Transcript expression profiles of neonates demonstrated that 33.59% and 60.31% of the 131 differentially expressed genes were upregulated and downregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, respectively. Transcripts were grouped into two subclusters according to the similarity of their expression patterns. Transcripts in subcluster 1 were moderately upregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and, conversely, downregulated in the unchallenged neonate larvae. The solute carrier organic anion transporter, which is involved in insecticide detoxification, was upregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae. Conversely, most of the transcripts in subcluster 2 were moderately downregulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and upregulated for neonates feeding on non-challenged maize. Four unidentified transcripts were extremely down-regulated in the toxin-challenged neonate larvae, and upregulated in the unchallenged neonate larvae. Further studies are recommended to establish if there is a direct correlation between these differentially expressed genes and the observed resistance. Elucidation of such defence mechanisms is crucial for developing insect resistance management strategies to ensure sustainable use of genetically modified maize in Africa. Nevertheless, this is the first study on gene expression profiles of B. fusca strains challenged with Cry toxin. The transcriptome characterized in this study provides a significant resource base for future studies on B. fusca and contributes to understanding some of the gene regulation and signalling networks involved in the defence of B. fusca against Cry1Ab toxin.
