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Other fungi isolated with Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
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In the genus Scopulariopsis, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is the most common aetiological agent of infections in humans. It usually affects nails and is one of the commonest moulds associated with onychomycoses. Other forms of infections (skin, subcutaneous, deep tissues, and disseminated infections) have also been described.
To examine the prevalenc...
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... aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of S. brevicaulis in clinical specimens obtained from pa- tients suspected of superficial mycoses. 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 Figure 2. Percentage of Scopulariopsis brevicaulis isolates in fungi-positive specimens for each sex. The lines show a sta- tistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the S. brevicaulis prevalence in fungi-positive specimens, both in females and males ...
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Citations
... In humans, Scapulariopsis spp. are mainly associated with superficial infections of keratinized tissues, but they are also causative agents of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and deep-tissue infections and disseminated infections [66]. ...
... Since Scopulariopsis spp. are known to be keratinophilic, S. bravicaulis has proven to be one of the predominant species among non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi in onychomycoses [66]. A retrospective analysis in the Croatian population showed that S. brevicaulis was isolated from nail, skin, and scalp scrapings, and most of the patients from whom the specimens were obtained lived in rural settings, working as farmers in close contact with the soil and domestic animals. ...
There has been a substantial increase in the number of cases of invasive fungal infections worldwide, which is associated with a growing number of immunosuppressed patients and a rise in antifungal resistance. Some fungi that were previously considered harmless to humans have become emerging pathogens. One of them is Purpureocillium lilacinum, a ubiquitous filamentous fungus commonly found in the environment, especially in the air and soil. P. lilacinum belongs to a bigger group of hyaline fungi that cause hyalohyphomycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi with colorless hyphae. Although this is a heterogeneous group of fungi, there are similarities regarding their ubiquity, ways of transmission, affected patients, and difficulties in diagnostics and treatment. In hyalohyphomycosis, the skin is one of the most affected organs, which is why the involvement of dermatologists is crucial for the initial assessment, since the timely recognition and early diagnosis of this condition can prevent life-threatening infections and death. In this review, we covered cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by P. lilacinum and other fungi in the same group, including Fusarium, Penicilium, Scedosporium, Scopulariopsis, Acremonium, and Trichoderma genera.
... Although S. brevicaulis is a mold of the Microascus genus, it was grouped into one of the main clades of the MSP-dendrogram and not as a real outgroup. S. brevicaulis is regularly isolated from nail infections and, hence, typically associated with moldrelated onychomycosis; keratinolytic activities are well reported (Issakainen et al., 2007;Macura and Skoŕa, 2015). Although the majority of the extracted proteins for MALDI-TOF MS are ribosomal proteins rather than secreted proteases, this similar lifestyle compared to dermatophytes may explain the position of S. brevicaulis in the dendrogram. ...
Dermatophytoses represent a major health burden in animals and man. Zoophilic dermatophytes usually show a high specificity to their original animal host but a zoonotic transmission is increasingly recorded. In humans, these infections elicit highly inflammatory skin lesions requiring prolonged therapy even in the immunocompetent patient. The correct identification of the causative agent is often crucial to initiate a targeted and effective therapy. To that end, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) represents a promising tool. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of species identification of zoophilic dermatophytes using MALDI-TOF MS. The investigation of isolates from veterinary clinical samples suspicious of dermatophytoses suggests a good MALDI-TOF MS based identification of the most common zoophilic dermatophyte Microsporum canis. Trichophyton (T.) spp. usually achieved scores only around the cutoff value for secure species identification because of a small number of reference spectra. Moreover, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to the close taxonomic relationship of dermatophytes being reflected in very similar spectra. In our study, the analysis of 50 clinical samples of hedgehogs revealed no correct identification using the provided databases, nor for zoophilic neither for geophilic causative agents. After DNA sequencing, adaptation of sample processing and an individual extension of the in-house database, acceptable identification scores were achieved (T. erinacei and Arthroderma spp., respectively). A score-oriented distance dendrogram revealed clustering of geophilic isolates of four different species of the genus Arthroderma and underlined the close relationship of the important zoophilic agents T. erinacei, T. verrucosum and T. benhamiae by forming a subclade within a larger cluster including different dermatophytes. Taken together, MALDI-TOF MS proofed suitable for the identification of zoophilic dermatophytes provided fresh cultures are used and the reference library was previously extended with spectra of laboratory-relevant species. Performing independent molecular methods, such as sequencing, is strongly recommended to substantiate the findings from morphologic and MALDI-TOF MS analyses, especially for uncommon causative agents.
... In a study carried out in Poland from 1992 to 2012, on the prevalence of S. brevicaulis, with a total of 16 815 clinical samples (nail scrapings, nail swabs, skin scrapings, skin swabs, and hair), the fungus was present in 3.5% of them, with a similar presence among males and females. 95 In a retrospective study of onychomycosis during a 14-year period (1992-2005) in Mexico, a total of 5221 cases were evaluated, 78 of which were produced by moulds (1.49%) and 34 by S. brevicaulis specifically. Associated factors were identified in 50% of cases being peripheral vascular disease, contact with soil, and trauma the most common. ...
Scopulariopsis is a common fungus in the environment, characterized by its intrinsic resistance to the available antifungal drugs. Around 70 cases of infection by this fungus have been described in the literature. Pulmonary and disseminated infections are the most common and their treatment is difficult; therefore, very diverse approaches have been taken, with varied results. A successful outcome has been reported in only a few cases, generally attributed to a multitreatment strategy combining medical and surgical procedures that ultimately led to the resection of the infected tissue if possible, identification of the mould, and an aggressive long-term antifungal therapy. Although most of the infections are caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, a few other species have also been linked to these cases, although molecular evidence has not been proven for all of them. On this basis, more knowledge on the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these unusual infections would improve their management. This review aims to compile the current data on Scopulariopsis infections.
... There are a few reports related to the pathogenicity of Scytalidium, they include onychomycosis and skin infections [19] beside a number of case reports of pulmonary and deep infections [52][53][54]. Scopulaiopsis is a keratinophilic fungus, it cause a several cutaneous lesions and nail infections [8,55]. It may have a high relationship with asthma and allergy cases with other indoor air borne fungi [38]. ...
Aims: The study was conducted to identify a non-dermatophytic fungi associated with wool hairs in Erbil city. The common and dominate fungal genera were recorded, as well as the hygienic importance of all isolates were reviewed.Materials and Methods: Wool samples were collected during February 2017. Pieces of wool hair were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Cultured plates were incubated in room temperature. The growing fungi were counted and were identified microscopically. The occurrence % (O%), and the frequency of occurrence % (FQ%) for the identified genera were calculated.Results: A 22 fungal isolates belong to 16 genera beside one isolate of Actinomycetes were recognized. The Hyphomycetes represented in (10 genera 62.5%) , they were (Alternaria, Aspergillus (5 sp), Scytelidium, Chrysosporium, Curvelaria, Cladosporium , Penecilium, Scpulariopsis, Fusarium, and Ulocladium. Two genera belong to each of Ascomycetes and Zygomycetes (12.5%) include (Chaetomium, Pseudallescheria) ,and (Mucor , Rhizopus) respectively Basidiomycetes and Coelomycetes represent one genus (6.25%) ,they were Rhodotorula and phoma. Aspergillus showed the highest O% and FO% (88%; 32.9%) followed by Cladosporium (36%; 13.8%).Conclusion: The results showed that: 1-Hyphomycetes is predominant and Aspergillus is the common genus. 2- All the recorded fungi had an effects on human health. According to the previous studies their infections ranging from mild skin mycoses to serious deep infections. 3-A 81.25% of the recorded fungal genera in this study were previously isolated from upper respiratory tract of individuals have asthma and allergic symptoms in Iraq. 4-It is the first recorded of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa from wool samples in Iraq.
Fungi of the Scopulariopsis genus, commonly found in the environment, are opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of human infections. So far, no efficient molecular method has been developed for species differentiation among Scopulariopsis and related genera. In order to advance this field, we have evaluated performance of polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays, based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and β-tubulin genes. The assays resulted in 2–10 restriction patterns, depending on the gene amplified and restriction enzyme applied. Pooled analysis of the patterns allowed to propose an algorithm, that can be successfully used for an accurate species-specific identification of 21 species of the Scopulariopsis-like fungi.
Non-dermatophytic molds have been increasingly recognized as agents of onychomycosis.
Prevalence of non-dermatophytic onychomycosis depends on geographic areas.
Molds can cause different types of onychomycosis including proximal subungual, “deep” white superficial, and distal subungual onychomycosis.
Diagnosis of mold onychomycosis is more complex than the dermatophytic counterpart and requires microscopic examination and culture on multiple samples.
Treatment is difficult and often requires combination of topical antifungals, systemic antifungals, and chemical avulsion.
• The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a highly sensitive and specific molecular technique for onychomycosis diagnosis.
