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Ornamental jujube cultivars Dragon, Mushroom, So and Teapot in New Mexico. Row 1: 'So' fruit, fruit on the tree, and 7-year-old tree shape in winter. Row 2: 'Dragon' fruit, 2-year-old tree in winter, and mature tree (mature tree picture was taken in China). Row 3: 'Mushroom' tree and fruit. Row 4: 'Teapot' tree and fruit.
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All jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) cultivars can be used as fruit trees and in landscaping, but there are four striking ornamental cultivars in our collection: Dragon, Mushroom, So, and Teapot. These cultivars are decorative and can be used for fruit, tree shape, or both as edible landscape plants. We evaluated these four ornamental jujube cultivars in c...
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... AND TREE SHAPE. 'So' had smaller leaves and shorter branchlets than the other three cultivars (Table 1). Trees were compact and bushy, with many zigzagged branches and side branches (Table 2; Fig. 2). With its zigzagged structure, main buds of fruiting spurs in dominant locations popped out as branches. 'So' trees looked decorative during the growing season and in winter, and even more beautiful after snow (Fig. ...
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... than the other three cultivars (Table 1). Trees were compact and bushy, with many zigzagged branches and side branches (Table 2; Fig. 2). With its zigzagged structure, main buds of fruiting spurs in dominant locations popped out as branches. 'So' trees looked decorative during the growing season and in winter, and even more beautiful after snow (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... and 'Mushroom' trees measured 11-12.6 ft at 3 years old, 'So' trees were 7.9-9.4 ft, and 'Dragon' trees were 4.3-4.8 ft (Table 2). 'Mushroom' and 'Teapot' were vigorous and upright trees, while 'So' and 'Dragon' trees were bushy (Table 2; Fig. 2). 'So' was the most bushy looking tree and 'Dragon' was the most dwarf tree among all 45 cultivars tested at Alcalde and Los Lunas (data not ...
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... two general weight and size categories. Larger fruit had an average weight of 11 g with seeds, while the smaller ones averaged around 5 g without seeds (Table 3). The larger fruit of 'So' were heavier than 'Mushroom', but on average 'Mushroom' fruit were larger than 'So', followed by 'Teapot', and the smallest were the fruit of 'Dragon' (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Dragon' produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature ...
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... fruit of 'So' were heavier than 'Mushroom', but on average 'Mushroom' fruit were larger than 'So', followed by 'Teapot', and the smallest were the fruit of 'Dragon' (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Dragon' produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature teapot-shaped (Fig. 2), but fruit could have zero to five protrusions with various shapes and sizes, and teapotshaped fruit were just a small proportion of all fruit. ...
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... produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature teapot-shaped (Fig. 2), but fruit could have zero to five protrusions with various shapes and sizes, and teapotshaped fruit were just a small proportion of all fruit. Yao (2013b) discussed the detailed fruit development of 'Teapot'. Fruit of 'Teapot' matured later than 'So', 'Mushroom', and ...
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... AND TREE SHAPE. 'So' had smaller leaves and shorter branchlets than the other three cultivars (Table 1). Trees were compact and bushy, with many zigzagged branches and side branches (Table 2; Fig. 2). With its zigzagged structure, main buds of fruiting spurs in dominant locations popped out as branches. 'So' trees looked decorative during the growing season and in winter, and even more beautiful after snow (Fig. ...
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... than the other three cultivars (Table 1). Trees were compact and bushy, with many zigzagged branches and side branches (Table 2; Fig. 2). With its zigzagged structure, main buds of fruiting spurs in dominant locations popped out as branches. 'So' trees looked decorative during the growing season and in winter, and even more beautiful after snow (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... 'Dragon', both branchlets and branches were twisted (Fig. 2). 'Dragon' leafed out 1-2 weeks later than most cultivars and were the smallest trees among all cultivars tested in New Mexico (Table 2; Fig. 2). A mature tree of 'Dragon' in China was around 6 ft tall (Fig. ...
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... and 'Mushroom' trees measured 11-12.6 ft at 3 years old, 'So' trees were 7.9-9.4 ft, and 'Dragon' trees were 4.3-4.8 ft (Table 2). 'Mushroom' and 'Teapot' were vigorous and upright trees, while 'So' and 'Dragon' trees were bushy (Table 2; Fig. 2). 'So' was the most bushy looking tree and 'Dragon' was the most dwarf tree among all 45 cultivars tested at Alcalde and Los Lunas (data not ...
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... two general weight and size categories. Larger fruit had an average weight of 11 g with seeds, while the smaller ones averaged around 5 g without seeds (Table 3). The larger fruit of 'So' were heavier than 'Mushroom', but on average 'Mushroom' fruit were larger than 'So', followed by 'Teapot', and the smallest were the fruit of 'Dragon' (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Dragon' produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature ...
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... fruit of 'So' were heavier than 'Mushroom', but on average 'Mushroom' fruit were larger than 'So', followed by 'Teapot', and the smallest were the fruit of 'Dragon' (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Dragon' produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature teapot-shaped (Fig. 2), but fruit could have zero to five protrusions with various shapes and sizes, and teapotshaped fruit were just a small proportion of all fruit. ...
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... produced small, columnarshaped fruit weighing 7.5 g on average (Table 3). 'Mushroom' had uniform and decorative buttonmushroom-shaped fruit (Table 3; Fig. 2). 'Mushroom' kept its fruit shape after drying, and could be used as a dry ornamental together with other dry flowers/plants. The typical fruit of 'Teapot' were miniature teapot-shaped (Fig. 2), but fruit could have zero to five protrusions with various shapes and sizes, and teapotshaped fruit were just a small proportion of all fruit. Yao (2013b) discussed the detailed fruit development of 'Teapot'. Fruit of 'Teapot' matured later than 'So', 'Mushroom', and ...
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... It is the only fruit crop that can give good returns even under rainfed conditions due to its wide adaptability under a large variety of soils, water availability conditions and climates (with the exception of heavy frosts) in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition to nutritional and economic health, some jujube cultivars, such as Dragon, Mushroom, So and Teapot, are known for their landscape values, such as unique fruit shape, fruit color and tree shape, and are planted in gardens and backyards due to their dwarf habit and compact canopy [27,28]. ...
... Several production technologies have been standardized by different institutions, e.g., propagation methods (rootstock selection, grafting/budding), plant spacing, canopy management, nutrient and water management, crop regulation, plant protection and post-harvest management, and value addition (Table 4). Standarization of propagation (patch budding), detoppng for promotion of scion wood in mother plant, planting geometry and high-density planting, plant architectural engineering, water and nutrient management, fruit drop and cracking management, bael-based cropping system [224] Squash, preserve, candy [51,223,225] Avenue plantation, windbreak plantation [48] ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; ANDUAT, Ayodhya; GBPUAT, Pantnagar Ber Gola, Umran, Goma Kirti, Katha, Seb, Thar Sevika, Thar Bhuvraj, CAZRI Ber 2018 [22,226] Standarization of propagation (T-budding), insitu budding, top-working, pruning and training system, high-density planting system, water and nutrient management, fruit fly and stone weevil management [22,227] Osmodehydrated ber, Canned ber, Jam, Pickle [22] Ornamental purpose, windbreak, bio-fencing, furniture [27,28] ICAR-CIAH, Bikaner; NBPGR, New Delhi; HAU, Hisar; ICAR-CAZRI, Jodhpur ...
... In addition to the medicinal and nutritional value of fruits, these underutilized fruit crops have multipurpose utilities, such as ornamental, avenue tree, rootstocks, bio-fencing, windbreak/shelter tree, furniture, screening in backyard gardening, forest restoration and as social and economic plants [28,38]. The promotion of these underutilized fruit crops can be accelerated by providing training and demonstrations of the developed technologies to the end-users. ...
Nowadays, there is a large demand for nutrient-dense fruits to promote nutritional and metabolic human health. The production of commercial fruit crops is becoming progressively input dependent to cope with the losses caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. A wide variety of un-derutilized crops, which are neither commercially cultivated nor traded on a large scale, are mainly grown, commercialized and consumed locally. These underutilized fruits have many advantages in terms of ease to grow, hardiness and resilience to climate changes compared to the major commercially grown crops. In addition, they are exceptionally rich in important phytochemicals and have medicinal value. Hence, their consumption may help to meet the nutritional needs of rural populations, such as those living in fragile arid and semi-arid regions around the world. In addition , local people are well aware of the nutritional and medicinal properties of these crops. Therefore , emphasis must be given to the rigorous study of the conservation and the nutritional characterization of these crops so that the future food basket may be widened for enhancing its functional and nutritional values. In this review, we described the ethnobotany, medicinal and nutritional values, biodiversity conservation and utilization strategies of 19 climate-resilient important, un-derutilized fruit crops of arid and semi-arid regions (Indian jujube,
... From 2011 to 2020, grafted plants were used for cultivar propagation, cultivar trials at NMSU (Yao et al., 2019(Yao et al., , 2020, or other locations. In 2014 and 2016, more than 40 cultivars were propagated for cultivar trials at the NMSU Sustainable Agriculture Science Center, the NMSU Agricultural Science Center in Los Lunas, NM, and the NMSU Leyendecker Plant Science Center in Las Cruces, NM (Yao and Heyduck, 2018;Yao et al., 2019Yao et al., , 2020. Because each cultivar had limited plants, grafting take rates were counted for all cultivars together instead of per cultivar. ...
The increased popularity of jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba ) combined with the difficulty of grafting have limited supplies of grafted trees in the United States. From 2011 to 2020, grafting was practiced for cultivar amplification after importation and cultivar trials in frost-prone northern New Mexico. Grafting success was related to not only grafting techniques but also climate factors. Bark grafting, whip/tongue grafting, and cleft grafting were commonly used in nurseries. Low temperatures had a critical role in jujube grafting success in marginal regions and were more important than the grafting technique. If frost occurs before or near the leafing time, then grafting should be delayed until the rootstocks are determined to be healthy and alive. If frost occurs after grafting, then grafting failure and/or thin and small plant percentages increased. If only branchlets appear after grafting, then pinching branchlets could stimulate new shoot growth.
... Kultivar Mushroom memiliki bentuk buah yang paling cantik. Sedangkan kultivar Teapot memiliki buah dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan tetapi merupakan tanaman yang produktif (Yao & Heyduck, 2018). ...
ABSTRAK Tumbuhan berperan penting dalam hidup manusia secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Ziziphus spp. (Rhamnaceae) telah umum dibudidaya di Indonesia dan dimanfaatkan sebagai tumbuhan obat. Akan tetapi potensi lain Ziziphus spp. belum banyak diketahui. Data keragaman jenis dan persebaran merupakan dasar untuk pengembangan potensi Ziziphus spp. di Indonesia lebih lanjut. Sayangnya penelitian yang telah dilakukan baru melaporkan keragaman dan persebaran Ziziphus spp. di Pulau Jawa, sedangkan data untuk skala nasional belum tersedia. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jenis-jenis Ziziphus spp. dan persebarannya di Indonesia serta mengkaji potensi marga tersebut berdasarkan kategorisasi TREES. Penelusuran literatur dilakukan pada basis data dan jurnal digital nasional maupun internasional. Di Indonesia tercatat ada 24 jenis Ziziphus spp. Sebanyak 18 jenis di antaranya berasal dari Indonesia dan 6 jenis merupakan hasil introduksi dari luar negeri. Ziziphus spp. memiliki potensi sebagai kayu komersil, tumbuhan untuk restorasi lahan dan remediasi logam berat, penyubur tanah, tumbuhan hias, naungan untuk satwa, pelengkap ritual ibadah, sumber pembelajaran, buah bernutrisi tinggi, kayu bakar, arang, teh, anggur, obat tradisional, perawatan tubuh, pakan ulat sutra, pewarna alami, sumber madu, bahan kerajinan dan aksesoris, pakan ternak, biofilter rokok, serat, pestisida nabati, dan getah. Pengungkapan potensi Ziziphus spp. di Indonesia dapat mendorong terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat.
... Citrus spp., Fortunella spp., Malus spp., and Olea europaea have highest share of commercial production in worldwide. In this context, ornafruit breeding and selection studies for disease resistance, frost tolerance, cold hardiness, and salt tolerance e.g. have been continued all over the world (Mortensen et al., 1994;Santos-Serejo et al., 2012;McNamara & Pellett, 1994;1995;Richer et al., 2003;Liu & Wang, 2009;Aiello et al., 2014;Yao & Heyduck, 2018;Kaya et al., 2020;Şahin et al., 2020). ...
... teapot, donut and mushroom), tree shape (e.g. zigzag growth, twisted branches) (Liu & Wang, 2009;Guo & Shan, 2010;Yao & Heyduck, 2018) (Figure 8). Breeding studies are ongoing for development new ornamental jujube cultivars not only good fruit quality and yield but also different fruit shape and tree growth parameters. ...
... A similar experiment with 4 ornamental jujube cultivars (3 years old) at Alcalde and Los Lunas reported relatively higher fruit yield for 'Teapot' (4.536 kg/tree) followed by 'Mushroom' (3.629 kg/tree), 'So' (1.724 kg/tree), and 'Dragon' (0.091 kg/tree). 50 Despite lower yield, 'Dragon' produced comparatively larger flowers than others. 50 Among tested cultivars, 'Teapot' had higher soluble sugar content (31.7% at Alcalde and 32.2% at Los Lunas) and vitamin C (313 mg/100 g fresh weight in Alcalde). ...
... 50 Despite lower yield, 'Dragon' produced comparatively larger flowers than others. 50 Among tested cultivars, 'Teapot' had higher soluble sugar content (31.7% at Alcalde and 32.2% at Los Lunas) and vitamin C (313 mg/100 g fresh weight in Alcalde). According to Yao and Heyduck, 'So' and 'Dragon' cultivars can serve as year-round ornamentation whereas 'Mushroom' and 'Teapot' provide ornamentation for three seasons. ...
... According to Yao and Heyduck, 'So' and 'Dragon' cultivars can serve as year-round ornamentation whereas 'Mushroom' and 'Teapot' provide ornamentation for three seasons. 50 We think more multilocation cultivar research trials should be carried out in NM to recommend region-specific cultivars for farmers. ...
This is a review paper on the jujube plant. The jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a medium-
sized tree indigenous to northern China. It is cultivated mainly for its nutritious fruits.
The tree adapts well to subtropical and temperate climates and can be easily cultivated where
peaches and apples grow. Prospects of jujube as a future crop are increasing in the United
States, including New Mexico. However, there are only a few studies relating to jujubes reported
from New Mexico. The lack of planting materials and research information are a few
factors limiting its cultivation. Researchers should focus on improving propagation techniques
to ensure proper supply and availability of jujube planting materials. Although New
Mexico has a suitable climate for jujube, many farmers are unfamiliar with the crop due to
the lack of proper extension and promotion approaches. Therefore, participatory research
projects with farmers’ involvement are necessary to identify and address several challenges
relating to crop establishment, growth, production, post-harvest, and marketing phases.
These findings could help establish jujube orchards and industries in New Mexico. Here,
we review the characteristics, significance, and potential of jujube in New Mexico, USA.
... 'Lang' is known as a drying cultivar, but there is no study or publication on drying cultivars in the United States, except for a few sentences from a publication from the 1920s (Thomas, 1927). With this in mind, we included drying cultivars and multipurpose cultivars in our trials at three NMSU study sites: Alcalde (2015), Los Lunas (2015), and Leyendecker (2017) (Yao and Heyduck, 2018;Yao et al., 2019). We previously reported the early performance of fresh-eating and ornamental cultivars. ...
... In Apr. 2017, another cultivar trial was planted at the NMSU Leyendecker Center with 3.05 · 4.57 m planting density (Yao and Heyduck, 2018 . Figure 1 shows the historic weather data for these three sites (Western Regional Climate Center, 2020). ...
Jujube cultivars have been imported into the United States for more than 100 years, but cultivar trials have been limited. To accurately recommend cultivars for each region, trials have to be conducted. We have set up jujube cultivar trials at the New Mexico State University (NMSU) Alcalde (2015, USDA hardiness zone 6a), Los Lunas (2015, 7a), and Leyendecker (2017, 8a) Centers with over 35 cultivars at each site with two replicates and a complete random block design. We reported the early performance of fresh-eating cultivars in 2019. Here we report the performance of 19 drying and multipurpose jujube cultivars. Between 40% and 100% of jujube trees produced a few fruit to more than 100 fruit in the planting year, depending on cultivar and location. Trees were more upright at Los Lunas than at Alcalde. ‘Kongfucui’ (KFC) was the most productive cultivar at Alcalde with 13.3 kg/tree in 2019, followed by ‘Chaoyang’, ‘Jinkuiwang’ (JKW), ‘Pitless’, and ‘Lang’. The yield at Los Lunas was lower than Alcalde for the first 3 years after planting; however, ‘Jinsi 2’, ‘Jinsi 4’, ‘Jixin’, ‘Sherwood’, ‘Sihong’, and ‘Xiangzao’ produced higher yields at Los Lunas than Alcalde in 2019. All cultivars produced higher yields and contained higher soluble solids at Leyendecker than Alcalde and Los Lunas at similar ages. ‘JKW’ was the most vigorous and productive cultivar at Leyendecker. ‘JKW’, ‘Xiangzao’, and ‘Lang’ produced more than 3.0 kg/tree in their second year after planting. ‘JKW’ yielded 12.3 kg/tree in its third year after planting. Among the three locations, drying cultivars are not recommended for commercial production at Alcalde. However, home gardeners can plant multipurpose and early-drying cultivars at Alcalde. Leyendecker produced the best dry fruit with larger fruit size, rich color, and meaty fruit; dry fruit quality was acceptable in most years at Los Lunas except 2019. We preliminarily recommend some drying and multipurpose cultivars for each location. As trees mature and produce more fruit, we will fine-tune the cultivar recommendations. We also discuss the jujube cultivar zoning information in New Mexico and fruit uses.
... This has been confirmed by, among others, JUREK (2001), who analyzed a tree valuation approach that focuses on the useful value of trees. Moreover, tree species exist which, depending on their function, can be treated as edible plants, or plants serving an ornamental function for the landscape (YAO, HEYDUCK 2018), as exemplified by Ziziphus jujuba (jujube). ...
This paper examines and identifies, using a specific example, how the location of trees influences their value. For the valuation of trees outside a forest area, appraisers often employ methods recommended for estimating forest stands, which significantly reduces the value of trees and valued properties. The tree-valuation method developed by SZCZEPANOWSKA et al. (2010) was used in our study. First, we compiled an inventory of trees located on plots intended for expropriation. The study covered all specimens with trunk circumferences of over 25 centimetres, which amounted to a total of 76 trees. We considered the value of the trees in the conditions of the actual location, which means that our calculations included house gardens in the city and the values of the same trees in hypothetical growth conditions: tree stands in rural and urban areas, green spaces in urban and rural areas, housing estates, roads and streets (both urban and rural), and historic areas, health resorts and health-resort protection zones.
Our study has shown that the tree valuation method based on differentiating coefficients is a very useful tool for establishing the value of trees in outlying areas.
... The objective of this study was to evaluate jujube cultivars in different hardiness zones in the southwestern United States and to recommend topperforming cultivars to growers in each region. Here we report the early performance of fresh eating cultivars; ornamental cultivars were reported in 2018 (Yao and Heyduck, 2018). ...
... The planting density was 2.44 · 3.66 m at Alcalde and 3.05 · 4.57 m at Los Lunas. In April 2017, another cultivar trial with similar cultivars was planted at the NMSU Leyendecker Center with a 3.05 · 4.57-m planting density (Yao and Heyduck, 2018). Because of the large number of cultivars involved in these cultivar trials, we report cultivars for different uses separately, presenting results from fresh eating cultivars in this report ( Field management. ...
Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), also called chinese date, cultivars have not been formally trialed in the United States after the 1950s. Currently, there are five to six commercially available jujube cultivars, with ‘Li’ as the dominant one. Both growers and consumers demand a wider range of cultivars to extend the maturation season and for different uses. We tested jujube cultivars at three locations in New Mexico [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones 6a, 7a, and 8a] to assess their adaption and performance. These are early performance results for fresh eating cultivars. Jujubes were precocious; 50% to 95% of trees produced during their planting year, depending on cultivar and location. The average yield per tree for trees in their second to fourth year after planting were 409 g, 4795 g, and 5318 g at Alcalde; and 456 g, 3098 g, and 5926 g at Los Lunas, respectively. The yields varied by cultivar and location. ‘Kongfucui’ (‘KFC’) was the most productive cultivar at Alcalde and Los Lunas in both 2017 and 2018, followed by ‘Daguazao’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, Maya’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Sugarcane’. ‘GA866’, ‘Alcalde #1’, ‘Zaocuiwang’, and ‘Sandia’ had the lowest yields among the 15 cultivars tested. ‘Alcalde #1’ was the earliest to mature with large fruit, suitable for marginal regions with short growing seasons, whereas ‘Sandia’ had the best fruit quality among all cultivars tested, suitable for commercial growers and home gardeners. ‘Maya’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, and ‘Russian 2’ were very productive, early-midseason cultivars with small fruit but excellent fruit quality—a perfect fit for the home gardener market. ‘Li’, ‘Daguazao’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Shanxi Li’ were productive with large fruit. Cultivars grew faster and produced higher yields, larger fruit, and higher soluble solids at more southerly locations. This article discusses cultivars’ early performance up to the fourth year after planting. This is the first jujube cultivar trial report in the United States since the 1950s.
Budući da izvori nafte i prirodnog plina nisu neiscrpni, postoji potreba za razvojem obnovljivih izvora energije. Osim same sigurnosti opskrbe energijom, jedan od glavnih ciljeva europske energetske politike usmjeren je na zaštitu okoliša kroz smanjenje potrošnje energije te povećanje korištenja obnovljivih izvora. Tijekom poljoprivredne proizvodnje, biomasa često ostaje na poljima ili u proizvodnom procesu kao nusprodukt kojeg treba zbrinuti, no istovremeno poljoprivredni otpad predstavlja i vrlo vrijedan izvor energije. U radu će biti dan opis procesa kojima se dobiva energija iz poljoprivrednog otpada. Korištenje poljoprivredne biomase u svrhu energije ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke, a kroz te dvije stavke bit će razjašnjeno zašto je poljoprivredna biomasa bolja za proizvodnju energije od konvencionalnog načina, odnosno, po čemu su fosilna goriva bolja za proizvodnju energije naspram poljoprivredne biomase. Zaključno, naglasak će biti stavljen na mogućnosti korištenja biomase iz poljoprivrednog otpada u kontekstu ekološke krize.
