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Cylindrical lithium-ion batteries are now widely applied in electric vehicles as power sources, but they still have an inevitable risk of internal short-circuit accompanied by catastrophic consequences. First, an electrochemical-thermal coupling model was established to predict the short-circuit behavior in a cylindrical battery cell with experimen...
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... epsl s , epsl p , and epsl n represent the elec- trolyte phase volume fractions in the separator, positive elec- trode, and negative electrode, respectively, whereas L s , L p , and L n represent the thicknesses in the same way. The original values of the selected parameters are summarized in Table 2. The above mentioned six parameters have been discussed for the effects of the separator and electrodes' porosity and thick- ness on the short-circuit behaviors of LIB. ...
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Citations
... Hu et al. used polarization dynamics to enhance the robustness of battery degradation and interference (Hu et al., 2021). Xu et al. established an electrochemical-thermal coupling model to predict ISC in cylindrical cells (Xu et al., 2017). Feng et al. solved the problem of online ISC detection from the perspective of model parameterization and parameter estimation by using a three-dimensional electrochemical-thermo-ISC coupling model ). ...
With the rapid growth of the electric vehicle industry, the demand for battery fault detection methods is also growing. Effective battery defect detection methods help maintain the performance of the battery pack. In this research, a reconstruction-based model for internal short circuit (ISC) detection in battery packs is presented by combining transformer and long short-term memory (LSTM). LSTM is added to the model to improve the encoding results of the transformer. The optimized decoders have a positive effect on the fitting ability of the model. In this model, the voltage data of the battery packs are taken as input and residual signals are generated by the differences between the reconstructed and true values to detect the ISC. The online parameter update method is proposed to increase the ability of the neural network model to screen out fault signals more efficiently, and the false-positive clipping method is employed to enhance detection accuracy. A large amount of data, including ISC, was collected from the laboratory to test the sensitivity and robustness. The verification results show that our model has better fitting ability and sensitivity. The parameter update method and false-positive clipping method help improve the adaptability and robustness. Our detection method achieves 96.05%, 98.57%, and 96.40% accuracy in ISC detection of 1 ohm, 5 ohms, and 10 ohms respectively.
... In recent years, a great deal of research has been focused on the modeling of Lithium-ion batteries including electrochemical models [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], mechanical models [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], Battery Thermal Management System/thermal models [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], and multiphysics models [31][32][33][34][35][36][37] at scales varying from nanolevel to cell level. Such efforts had immense contribution in improving the safety of lithium-ion battery cells. ...
Numerical simulations of heterogeneous structures like battery modules of electric vehicles are challenging due to the various length scales involved in it. Even with the latest computing technology, it is impossible to simulate the crash scene of the full vehicle resolving all length scales. Such hurdles have prevented manufacturers to understand the mechanical response of battery packs in vehicle crash scenarios. In this work, the problem of multiple length scales was solved using the RVE technique based on homogenization theory. An appropriate representative volume element was identified, and a 3D FE model was developed. Classical first-order boundary conditions were used in this research work. The RVE was subjected to several macroscopic deformations, and its response was obtained. The homogenized material properties were computed from the obtained responses, and a material model available in LS-Dyna’s material library was selected and calibrated to describe the nonlinear multiaxial behavior of the homogenized battery module at the macroscale. For validation, the USABC Crush and Drop Tests were simulated for the detailed and homogenized battery modules. The main output of this research is a robust and computationally efficient tool enabling satisfactory integration of a battery pack model to the vehicle for crash simulations, eliminating the need to simulate micro details at macro length scales. This approach significantly reduced the computational cost. For example, for a Drop Test simulation, the homogenized model reduced the simulation time from 40 hours (detailed model) to about 3 minutes, while maintaining a high precision ( R 2 = 0.9871 ) in predicting the load-displacement response. The system level modeling will enable the stakeholders to perform efficient optimization and safety evaluation for full-scale crashworthiness of electric vehicles.
... We integrate these three models to predict the heat, temperature, and electric behavior in the ISC phase. Some researchers modeled the ISC process by coupling the thermal, battery, and ISC models to study the electrochemical and thermal behavior during the ISC process [171,251]. Moreover, the ISC process to the thermal runaway process was modeled by the coupling thermal, battery, ISC, and thermal runaway models [229]. ...
High-capacity anodes, such as Si, have attracted tremendous research interests from the last two decades because of the requirement for high energy density of next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The mechanical integrity and stability of such materials during cycling are critical because their volume considerably changes. The volume changes/deformation result in mechanical stresses, which lead to mechanical failures, including cracks, fragmentation, and debonding. These phenomena accelerate capacity fading during electrochemical cycling and thus limit the application of high-capacity anodes. Experimental studies have been performed to characterize the deformation and failure behavior of these high-capacity materials directly, providing fundamental insights into the degradation processes. Modeling works have focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms and providing design tools for next-generation battery design. This review presents an overview of the fundamental understanding and theoretical analysis of the electrochemical degradation and safety issues of LIBs where mechanics dominates. We first introduce the stress generation and failure behavior of high-capacity anodes from the experimental and computational aspects, respectively. Then, we summarize and discuss the strategies of stress mitigation and failure suppression. Finally, we conclude the significant points and outlook critical bottlenecks in further developing and spreading high-capacity materials of LIBs.
... Rechargeable batteries are the most useful and popular EES device as it gives the best comprehensive performance in the commercialized segments such as portable electronic devices, electric vehicles for transportation, communications and many more [5][6][7]. ...
This article represents a computational approach for the estimation of the characteristics of lithium-ion
batteries for a 2D electrochemical model of cylindrical type lithium-ion battery using COMSOL software.
Various input parameters used in the model formulation have been obtained from experimental data as well
as published work. For the evaluation of battery performance, an electrochemical-thermal mathematical
model has been designed to determine the electrochemical parameters such as rate capability, charge/discharge
characteristic, ragone curve. Further, the electrochemical characteristics have been characterized
with the help of cyclic voltammetry (CV) test which indicates the uniform electrochemical reactivity
and transport properties of the designed battery. Two types of electrode pairs in which LiMn2O4 as
cathode materials form LiMn2O4 (LMO)/Graphite and LMO/Carbon (MCMB) are designed and these electrode
pairs are simulated and evaluated to determine the characteristics of battery material using charge
and discharge curve at different current loads (C-rates) as well as ragone curve. The simulation
results validate the electrochemical behavior of the proposed 2D model. Also, the LMO/graphite
electrode pair shows better discharging and charging capacity, high energy, and power curve as
compared to the LMO/Carbon (MCMB) electrode pair.
... This results in a greater influence of the porosity and thickness of the negative electrode on the maximum temperature of the battery. The direction of correlation for both l, ne and ne are consistent with the results obtained by Xu et al. [53]. ...
Safety of Li ion batteries is as important, if not more, as its performance because its usage in contemporary transport applications can otherwise lead to catastrophic scenarios. Owing to the exothermic reactions and complex heat transfer within the Li ion batteries, they are prone to overheating and possible thermal runaway in the absence of adequate thermal management systems. Therefore, to ensure a safe operation it is key to evaluate the uncertainties with respect to a thermal management system along with the uncertainties in the intricate multiphysical phenomena within the system. To achieve this, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations followed by sensitivity analysis to correlate the variability of 14 different factors with the safety of an 18650 Sony cell with a phase change material (PCM) at stressed conditions. These varied factors correspond to the properties of the 18650 battery and the PCM. From the PCM properties, we identify the temperature at which the PCM starts melting to have most influence on the safety of the battery. In addition, we also estimate the probability of the sub-optimal unsafe scenarios occurring by examining the distribution of the maximum temperature within the battery. Finally, we obtain reduced surrogate models with an accuracy of 92% through supervised machine learning algorithms.
... It is reported that commercial software packages such as COMSOL, LS DYNA, or ANSYS are used to solve the ISC process or investigate the characteristics of various types of ISC [ 76 , 104 , 167 , 168 , 171-174 ]. Moreover, the above modeling only describes one ISC point, and the modeling of electrothermal characteristics of multiple ISC points is an important challenge [175] . Fig. 9 shows a typical P2D-thermal-ISC coupled model. ...
Safety concerns are the main obstacle to large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), and thus, improving the safety of LIBs is receiving global attention. Within battery systems, the internal short circuit (ISC) is considered to be a severe hazard, as it may result in catastrophic safety failures, such as thermal runaway. Considering this, we provide a comprehensive review on the mechanism and evolutionary process of ISC, including modeling and simulation experiments and the methods of detection and diagnosis. First, ISC types and the inducing mechanism under various inducements are analyzed, and the evolution process of ISC is divided into three stages according to electrical and thermal characteristics. Second, eleven existing ISC substitute experimental methods are listed in detail, and three coupling models of electric-thermal-ISC models are introduced to simulate the characteristics of ISC. Third, existing ISC detection methods are reviewed in detail, divided into six categories. Moreover, we propose methods for ISC detection under four special conditions: ISC detection for the cells before grouping, ISC detection method during electric vehicle dormancy, ISC detection based on equilibrium electric quantity compensation to address negative impact of the equalization function of the battery management system on ISC detection, and effective fault tree diagnosis for the joint identification and early warning of multiple battery faults. Fourth, existing ISC prevention methods are reviewed. Finally, the key technologies of ISC are prospected, revealing that the development of big data and artificial intelligence technology will promote the accuracy and timeliness of ISC detection
... We found also the multilayer separators mostly designed with a shutdown feature, by which two of the layers have different phase transition temperatures. As the [115] and help to block the abuse condition that accompanies with high current flow, such as short circuit [116], or overcharge. The separator melting is an endothermic process, and the temperature increase rate will thus slow down. ...
Since the commercialization of Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) by Sony Inc. in 1991 until today, recurrent incidents involving LIBs have been reported worldwide. During these incidents, the most energetic catastrophic failure of a LIB system is the thermal runaway event. With the emergence of highly reactive Ni-rich LIBs in the market, battery safety is becoming even more critical because these newly introduced LIBs present such high energy density which could lead to more catastrophic events subsequent to the thermal runaway. Therefore, this thesis aims to go deeper into the understanding and modelling of this complex phenomenon at cell scale, taking into account the influence of novel highly reactive technologies and the influence of state of charge (SOC) and aging, in order to understand what the key factors are towards inherently safer design and operation of LIBs. Thanks to the synergism offered by combined experimental and modelling studies of this thesis, knowledge in terms of initiation and evolution of the thermal runaway of Ni-rich Li-ion batteries has been enriched. The modelling study leads to the development of a 3D extended thermal runaway model to predict the behaviours of different Li-ion batteries nearby and during thermal runaway. The experimental study investigates the thermal runaway of LIBs and provides suitable databases for the predictive model calibration and validation. The developed model can be used as a simulation tool to explore more scenarios of cells undergoing thermal runaway in specified conditions for which adequate parameterization can be defined in relation with underpinning physics. This contributes to the future Li-ion battery safety management system in depth
... For the study of battery safety performance, the mechanical-electrochemicalthermal coupling behavior of batteries 50 and the safety parameters of the battery short-circuit are reported by some authors. 51 The main work of this paper is to calculate the adsorption energy of Li/LiF on CF x surface. It is proved that the uorinated graphene can maintain the high discharge platform when it is used as the cathode material of lithium primary batteries. ...
Based on first principles calculation, the adsorption properties of Li atoms and LiF molecules on the fluorographene (CFx) surface with different F/C ratios (x = 1.0, 0.9, 0.8, 0.5 and ∼0.0) have been studied in the present work. The calculated binding energy of Li and CFx is greater than 2.29 eV under different F/C ratios, indicating that the battery has the potential to maintain a high discharge platform during the whole discharge process. But the adsorption energies of LiF on a CFx layer for different F/C ratios are 0.12–1.04 eV, which means LiF is not easy to desorb from a CFx surface even at room temperature. It will stay on the surface for a long time and affect the subsequent discharge. Current calculations also show the structure of the CFx-skeleton will change greatly during the reaction, when there are many unsaturated carbon atoms on the CFx surface, such as at x = 0.8 and 0.5. Moreover, the discharge voltage is strongly dependent on the discharge site. After discharge, the CFx-skeleton may continue to relax and release a lot of heat energy.
... Zhang et al. investigated the mechanical failure behaviors of electrodes in Li-ion batteries and it was found that battery failure behaviors are complicated, which is a combination of tensile and compression failures [16]. The effect of porosity and thickness of electrodes in Li-ion batteries on internal short circuit was studied in Ref. [17]. It was found that both moderate porosity and appropriate increase in the thickness are beneficial to the stabilization of short-circuit voltage. ...
... They proposed an experimental method to measure the shorting contact resistance. Xu et al. [20] established a 1D electrochemical-3D thermal coupled model to predict the short-circuit behavior in a cylindrical battery cell, design parameters affecting voltage drop and temperature rise behaviors of cell are studied. Besides, one-point short-circuit and multi-point short-circuit of lithium cell are investigated. ...
Nail penetration test is an abuse test method to evaluate the thermal hazard of lithium-ion battery. The internal short-circuit is a direct cause of battery thermal runaway, while its mechanism has not been fully understood yet. In this work, the penetration-induced internal short-circuit of lithium-ion cell is studied through nail penetration experiments, numerical simulation, and cell separator thermal analysis. The results show that the nail plays a dual role in the penetration process for thermal runaway or non-thermal runaway cases, which determines the short-circuit current and heat dissipation. In addition, there are two types of temperature rise modes for thermal runaway case, the time intervals from the beginning of penetration to thermal runaway of these two modes are less than 5 s and 60 s, respectively. It can also be concluded that the cell terminal voltage is found to decay exponentially with time after penetration, while the fluctuations and rebound of terminal voltage during the nail penetration process are attributed to the partially interrupted internal short-circuit path. The results indicate that the Joule heat generated at short spot dominates the total heat generation inside lithium-ion cell with non-thermal runaway nail penetration cases.
