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Representing human spatial knowledge has long been a challenging research area. The objective of this paper is to model a
route description of human navigation where verbal descriptions constitute the inputs of the modeling approach. We introduce
a structural and logical model that applies graph principles to the representation of verbal route desc...
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... Human route descriptions can be modeled as graph-based or graphical representations consisting of predominant verbal forms such as locations and actions (displacement behavior of the acting human), both characterized by landmarks and spatial objects. The main objective of the modeling approach is to harmonize the different route descriptions as much as possible and change the form of route communication (Belouaer et al., 2013;Brosset et al., 2007;Winter et al., 2018). ...
... Recent studies have attempted to model navigation knowledge from human route descriptions to facilitate route communication (Belouaer et al., 2013(Belouaer et al., , 2016Brosset et al., 2007). However, they mainly focus on outdoor environments. ...
... For human wayfinding, several studies have attempted to model navigation knowledge from route descriptions (Belouaer et al., 2013(Belouaer et al., , 2016Brosset et al., 2007;Winter et al., 2018) and place descriptions (H. Chen et al., 2018;Khan et al., 2013;Kim et al., 2016;Vasardani et al., 2013) to provide graph or graphic-based support, with locations, landmarks, and spatial objects acting as basic primitives. ...
People create route descriptions based on their mental maps to provide route guidance, which represents their knowledge of the environment. Recent studies have attempted to model navigation knowledge from human route descriptions to facilitate route communication. However, they mainly focus on outdoor environments and do not address the representation of human descriptions of indoors in the form of schematic maps through the automatic extraction of spatial knowledge. Schematic maps have been commonly applied for public transportation by utilizing abstract representations to reduce cognitive load. Compared to route descriptions, schematic maps can provide easy-to-understand navigation guidance. In this paper, we present a novel NLP-based pipeline to automatically generate schematic maps from human route descriptions for indoor navigation. The experimental data consists of a set of crowdsourced route descriptions that follow a common template for a test building of the Soleway indoor navigation web service. The route descriptions and the generated schematic maps were presented to human participants in an online survey, and it was found that 92% of the generated schematic maps matched well with the corresponding human route descriptions. Thus, the proposed method is an effective and reliable approach for modeling route descriptions through schematic maps in indoor route communication.
... We referenced the basic elements of route map composition proposed by Nagao et al. [15]; thus, stations, routes, and transfer station served as the items for classification. Based on the model of route description and analysis of Brosset [20], we coded the elements of composition to facilitate the conversion of the routes planned by the participants into a visualized route planning model. We employed two types of route tasks: (1) route planning with designated start and end stations and (2) route planning with designated start and end stations with the requirement of passing three designated stations on the way. ...
Route maps, common in public transportation systems, refer to thematic maps drawn according to topological concepts. To simplify complex route information, a transport network is represented using primary graphic elements. First used in 1931 with topological concepts, the octilinear design has influenced the compositions of traffic route maps to this day. The current study involved cognitive mapping research on a representative route map in Taiwan: the Metro Taipei Route Map. Through two task experiments, this study analyzed users’ cognitive behavior when using the route map and alternative route map representations. The results indicated that the route map composed of all curves resulted in higher user performance than maps using a hybrid system and the conventional octilinear system. The route map based on the hybrid system, which included a route in the shape of a perfect circle, was highly evaluated and subjectively preferred by the users. Thus, the addition of appropriate curves in route maps is beneficial for improving usability, cognitive memory, and subjective evaluation. Finally, adding travel time information to a route map effectively enhances users’ decision-making during route planning.
... A study by Brosset, Claramunt, and Saux [31] attempted to construct a verbal route description model for wayfinding, established a semantic structure in the route description, and converted a logical verbal structure of sentences into a visual route description. Whether it contains a description of an action or a location, a landmark object or an open space might be mentioned in a speech. ...
... 2021, 10, 266 4 of 16 north sides of the first floor and basement-one (B1) level. A think-aloud method was used to record the wayfinding process of the participants, and think-aloud content was coded (Brosset et al., 2007). The four tasks are as follows: ...
... The four locations are distributed on the east, west, south, and north sides of the first floor and basement-one (B1) level. A think-aloud method was used to record the wayfinding process of the participants, and think-aloud content was coded (Brosset et al., 2007). The four tasks are as follows: The reason for the four tasks set up is so that the subjects could move up and down two floors (1F and B1) of the station, and walk around the station as much as possible. ...
Passengers were unsatisfied with the navigation signs in Taipei station based on the Report on the Taiwan Railway Passenger Survey. This study conducted two experiments. Experiment 1 involved 14 participants using the present Taipei Main Station floor map to wayfinding, plan routes, and provide route descriptions for four specified destinations in the station. All participants were requested to recall the route that had just been taken and draw a cognitive map. In Experiment 2, 14 other participants were asked to perform the same tasks as Experiment 1 but with the new map. This study’s results showed that the codes used by the participants in Experiment 1 revealed the differences in walking route distance and number of turns. Escalators and stairs that connected floors were often used as reference landmarks for wayfinding. In Experiment 2, the overall wayfinding performance of the participants was improved by using the new map. The wayfinding time was reduced and the time spent in wayfinding among users was more uniform, and their route planning strategies used became consistent. The new map that facilitates consistent action strategies among users and corresponds perfectly to the actual environment is able to create useful spatial knowledge for users.
... The approach is first experimented in the context of a natural environment. In order to do route description analysis, David Brosset et al. [33], based on this theory, develops a model for route description, turning the description into a symbolized procedure. He employs various symbols to replace those actions, landmarks, and spatial entities in description. ...
Map-reading and wayfinding form one continuous and indivisible process; however, numerous studies have only focused on one of the two. This study focused on the relationship between map-reading and wayfinding to understand how map users read and acquire information from maps. Thirty Participants were divided into three groups of ten on Shibuya Station in Tokyo. The first group used mounted maps, the second group used a printed handheld copy of the station map, and the third group used a digital map provided by Ekipedia. All participants were allocated the same starting point and destination, and were required to perform map-reading and wayfinding to the destination as well as fill out an evaluation questionnaire. The results showed that the absolute accuracy scores (AASs) of digital-map users were far lower than those of handheld map users. The number of landmarks mentioned in the route planning of different map types and number of stopping times during the wayfinding process were significantly correlated. Digital-map users had the highest frequency of landmark use and longest map-reading times, but the shortest stopping times when wayfinding. The task results indicated that digital users had the lowest errors among the three groups; however, the evaluation questionnaire suggested that participants considered digital maps to be the least effective. Seemingly easy-to-understand maps might not be reflected in participants’ wayfinding behavior. Overall, this study suggested that only the successful matching of maps with the actual environment can enable successful wayfinding and create useful spatial knowledge.
... The combination of having action with a landmark, as suggested in the skeletal description developed by Denis [4], has been extensively used and tested successfully in experiments regarding its effectiveness was in wayfinding tasks [18,19]. While many studies have considered landmarks at decision points essential in wayfinding studies [14,20,21], landmarks along the route are also mentioned when giving verbal instructions [22]. Its importance and usefulness in wayfinding, however, are not extensively investigated. ...
... Such spatial relations are qualitative: we may know the general locations and directions of these places but not the exact distances between them (e.g., the distance between Costco and Camino Cinemas in meters is unknown to the person). Yet, these informal spatial relations are useful and sufficient for many of our daily tasks such as wayfinding and route descriptions (Brosset et al., 2007;Klippel and Winter, 2005;Montello, 1998). In addition, these relations are convenient to acquire since we do not always carry a ruler to measure the exact distances and angles between objects. ...
Geospatial semantics is a broad field that involves a variety of research areas. The term semantics refers to the meaning of things and is in contrast with the term syntactics. Accordingly, studies on geospatial semantics usually focus on understanding the meaning of geographic entities as well as their counterparts in the cognitive and digital world, such as cognitive geographic concepts and digital gazetteers. geospatial semantics can facilitate the design of geographic information systems by enhancing the interoperability of distributed systems and developing more intelligent interfaces for user interactions. During the past years, a lot of research has been conducted, approaching geospatial semantics from different perspectives, using a variety of methods, and targeting different problems. Meanwhile, the arrival of big geo data, especially the large amount of unstructured text data on the Web, and the fast development of natural language processing methods enable new research directions in geospatial semantics. This article, therefore, provides a systematic review on the existing geospatial semantic research. Six major research areas are identified and discussed, including semantic interoperability, digital gazetteers, geographic information retrieval, geospatial Semantic Web, place semantics, and cognitive geographic concepts.
... The first aspect is route planning, which aims to facilitate target-oriented navigation. The second aspect addresses route modeling and the understanding of how people navigate their environment (David, 2007). Torgny (1987) also indicated that in complex tasks, mapreading in connection with way-finding can be profitably studied in its highly developed forms. ...
... After coding, the verbalization was analyzed by an ANOVA test with factors map usage (2D map used, 3D map used) and familiarity (familiar, unfamiliar). Brosset (2007) indicated that the proposed model incorporates the three main components of a route description, as previously identified by Michon and Denis: namely action, landmark and spatial entities. An action represents the displacement behaviour of a human acting in the environment. ...
This empirical study of behavioural observation with a verbal report attempts to understand the process of map-reading for purposes of wayfinding in a subway station at Taipei in Taiwan. Subjects were required to find the shortest way in reaching an exit via three manners - without a map, aided by 2D, and 3D map. The results indicated that the design of underground space maps should support a direction and floor wayfinding strategy, plus the selection of a suitable angle of vision.. Important considerations include marking the nearest exit, marking scale, intensifying wall performance, and clarifying the discrimination of different floors and areas. Keywords: subway station, map-reading, map design, wayfinding. © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.
... The specific properties of a given environment have an important influence on human displacements, especially the salient features that emerge and are recognized in the landscape. Those being often materialized by verbal descriptions used by humans when describing some navigations they have been performing, and communicating those to other humans [24,13,9,17,33]. Furthermore, verbal route descriptions are at the core of many applications where humans evolve, infer and exploit spatial knowledge in a given environment as geolocation [8], human-robot interaction [19], etc. ...
... 1. Spatial knowledge acquisition: from verbal descriptions, the first step models and generates a set of spatial entities and relations. It is based on the modeling approach introduced in a related work [9]. ...
... The purpose is to define a conceptual model that represents a verbal route description in a formal way. To this end, we use the modeling approach developed in [9]. Actions and spatial entities are considered as fundamental elements in the considered approach. ...
The representation of human knowledge extracted from navigations in natural environments is still a research challenge for spatial cognition and computer science. When acting in natural environments people often use verbal route descriptions or sketch maps to transmit their knowledge of the environment, and some of the actions performed. The research developed in this paper introduces a modeling and computational approach using verbal descriptions of human navigating in a natural environment. The objective is to extract the semantic and spatial knowledge emerging from the verbal route descriptions. A formal and semantic model is introduced with a series of rules that merge different route descriptions. The semantic network constructed presents a global view of the route descriptions, and is used to generate a map representation from them. The whole approach is illustrated by a case study.
... The specific properties of a given environment have an important influence on human displacements, especially the salient features that emerge and are recognized in the landscape. Those being often materialized by verbal descriptions used by humans when describing some navigations they have been performing, and communicating those to other humans [24,13,9,17,33]. Furthermore, verbal route descriptions are at the core of many applications where humans evolve, infer and exploit spatial knowledge in a given environment as geolocation [8], human-robot interaction [19], etc. ...
... 1. Spatial knowledge acquisition: from verbal descriptions, the first step models and generates a set of spatial entities and relations. It is based on the modeling approach introduced in a related work [9]. ...
... The purpose is to define a conceptual model that represents a verbal route description in a formal way. To this end, we use the modeling approach developed in [9]. Actions and spatial entities are considered as fundamental elements in the considered approach. ...
When maps are not available verbal route descriptions provide a useful alternative for humans navigating in a natural environment. The semantics that emerge from such descriptions encompass several modelling abstractions that have been long studied by spatial cognition. However, a formal representation of navigation descriptions still remains a research challenge. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to provide a modelling approach for the description and fusion of several verbal route descriptions, and to identify the relevant places that emerge. A semantic spatial network is derived, thus generating a conceptual map that might be used for pedestrian navigation. The semantic spatial network is generated after application of a genetic algorithm and fusion rules to verbal route descriptions recorded by several humans navigating in a given natural environment. Preliminary results are encouraging but still have to be compared with real maps and with expert knowledge.
... Each human is given appropriate navigation instructions; and the route performed is recorded and verbally described after each navigation. More formally, each route is modeled as a sequence of locations and actions as introduced in [2] . Locations and actions are interactively identified at the expert level. ...
Over the past few years, several alternative approaches have been suggested to represent the spatial knowledge that emerges from natural environments. This paper introduces a rule-based approach whose objective is to generate a spatial semantic network derived from several humans reporting a navigation process in a natural environment. Verbal descriptions are decomposed and characterized by a graph-based model where actions and landmarks are the main abstractions. A set of rules implemented as first order predicate calculus are identified and applied, and allow to merge the common knowledge inferred from route descriptions. A spatial semantic network is derived and provides a global and semantic view of the environment. The whole approach is illustrated by a case study and some preliminary experimental results.
