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Organizational Structure of ICS (after Jackson et al. (2004)) The incident commander executively coordinates the overall organization. He is supported by command staff like officers for liaison, public information or safety. Operations are organizationally in line and conduct the technical response work as such. The three other
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Miners trapped underground at great depths can require long-lasting rescue missions of unknown dimensions. However, common tasks for today’s mine rescue teams mainly cover short-term fire-related incidents and first aid. Since European mining is going to greater depths than before, mine rescue needs innovative approaches for future challenges that...
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Motivation: Knowledge management in an organization is a new and less explored area in business literature and business practice. The scope of changes to enterprises influenced by competitive environment forces them to continuous seeking new ways of achieving the success. So-called intangible development factors start to be extremely meaningful — e...
Citations
... In the aftermath of a natural or man-made catastrophe, it is crucial for rescue and assistance groups to act quickly to help the victims. Professional humanitarian groups and government agencies face significant challenges in this endeavor due to factors such as victims' inaccurate position information, an overwhelming number of rescue-related contacts, and the need to priorities rescue activities based on victims' requirements [3]. The reaction time in these situations is lengthened by the absence of relevant information. ...
... In the aftermath of a natural or man-made catastrophe, it is crucial for rescue and assistance groups to act quickly to help the victims. Professional humanitarian groups and government agencies face significant challenges in this endeavor due to factors such as victims' inaccurate position information, an overwhelming number of rescue-related contacts, and the need to priorities rescue activities based on victims' requirements [3]. The reaction time in these situations is lengthened by the absence of relevant information. ...
It's no secret that the microblogging service Twitter (X) has quickly risen to prominence as one of the most reliable places to get the latest updates on breaking events. Tweets, Twitter's information streams, are sent out voluntarily by registered users and can reach even non-registered users, often before more conventional sources of mass news. In this research, we use machine learning to create models that can find helpful tweets on disasters automatically. Social media users provide massive amounts of data during natural catastrophe situations, some of which are useful for relief operations and emergency management. In this work, we analyze the material shared on social media during two hurricanes and one earthquake. This research has shown a machine-learning approach to categorizing tweets in relation to disasters and labeling Twitter data. This study has applied five machine learning algorithms to predict disaster and non-disaster tweets. In our model and among these five machine learning algorithms three perform similarly but Logistic Regression has achieved the best 80.5% model accuracy among all other algorithms.
... In the aftermath of a natural or man-made catastrophe, it is crucial for rescue and assistance groups to act quickly to help the victims. Professional humanitarian groups and government agencies face significant challenges in this endeavor due to factors such as victims' inaccurate position information, an overwhelming number of rescue-related contacts, and the need to priorities rescue activities based on victims' requirements [3]. The reaction time in these situations is lengthened by the absence of relevant information. ...
It's no secret that the microblogging service Twitter (X) has quickly risen to prominence as one of the most reliable places to get the latest updates on breaking events. Tweets, Twitter's information streams, are sent out voluntarily by registered users and can reach even non-registered users, often before more conventional sources of mass news. In this research, we use machine learning to create models that can find helpful tweets on disasters automatically. Social media users provide massive amounts of data during natural catastrophe situations, some of which are useful for relief operations and emergency management. In this work, we analyze the material shared on social media during two hurricanes and one earthquake. This research has shown a machine-learning approach to categorizing tweets in relation to disasters and labeling Twitter data. This study has applied five machine learning algorithms to predict disaster and non-disaster tweets. In our model and among these five machine learning algorithms three perform similarly but Logistic Regression has achieved the best 80.5% model accuracy among all other algorithms.
... 49 As far as we know, only the San José mining accident in Chile in 2010, with a burial time of 69 d, was longer than 37 d. 50 Detailed information about medical conditions can be found in an account of the Lengede mining accident in 1963. Three miners were trapped for 8 d, and 11 miners were trapped for 14 d in confined spaces in a damp cold environment, with excrement and corpses. ...
... 53,56 Unlike the case we describe, burial time was much shorter, and artificial light and food were available during the burial. 50 In the San José mining accident, the longest reported burial, environmental conditions were different from those in Bergemoletto or Lengede. The temperature was much higher (30-34 • C with 85-95% humidity), light was available, and communication with the trapped miners was established on Day 17 by a drill hole, with the ability to provide supplies and medical support. ...
... The temperature was much higher (30-34 • C with 85-95% humidity), light was available, and communication with the trapped miners was established on Day 17 by a drill hole, with the ability to provide supplies and medical support. 50,56,57 The miners developed fungal foot infections with irritation and scaling. 57 No orthopedic, ocular, cold-related, or neurologic conditions were reported. ...
In 1755 in Bergemoletto, Italy, an avalanche buried 4 people (2 women, a girl, and a boy) and several animals in a stable. After 37 d in a pitch-dark confined space, 3 of the 4 people were rescued alive. The 3 survivors had only goat milk, a few chestnuts, a few kg of raw kid meat, and meltwater for nutrition. We describe the longest-known survival in an avalanche burial and discuss the medical and psychological problems of the survivors. The boy died. When they were extricated, all 3 survivors were exhausted, cachectic, and unable to stand or walk. They were severely malnourished and were experiencing tingling, tremors, and weakness in the legs; constipation; changes in taste; and amenorrhea. One of the women had persistent eye problems and developed symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder. The survivors were given slow refeeding. It took from 1 to 6 wk before they could walk. We compare this case to other long-duration burials, especially mining accidents, and describe the rescue and patient care after long-duration burials. This case demonstrates that people can overcome extremely adverse conditions and survive.
... Fires, vehicular collisions and rock falls are the most common emergencies in mineral and metalliferous underground mines (Engström et al., 2018). For example, a large underground fire may lead to partially or temporarily sealed off areas, which suggests that miners must evacuate themselves or be rescued (Lehnen, 2016). In large sections of the mine, fires affect roof stability as well as produce toxic gases and create oxygen-depleted conditions (Enright and Ferriter, 2014). ...
An underground mine is a workplace that is potentially unsafe. In an underground mine, when something goes wrong, seconds count and the initial reaction may be crucial to the outcome. The safety of mine workers depends on several interrelated variables such as knowledge of the dynamic, ever-changing environment, the ability to identify and respond to hazards, training, experience and communication. These factors may be critical to the response during an emergency. Mine emergencies such as fires, explosions and inundations of gas or water require immediate action and effective emergency operations management. During a mine emergency, responsible persons (and those who are trained to become responsible persons) should know how to conduct and assign a number of duties. Planning and training for such emergencies are key elements needed to increase the probability of survival. This paper provides an overview on the identification of safety practices, mine rescue teams and their tasks, safety management, etc. and shows that preparedness for self-rescue is one of the most important elements of an organized and timely emergency response to mines.
... 4 A major underground fire, for example, can lead to partially or temporarily sealed off areas, which means that mineworkers might have to self-evacuate or be rescued. 5 Fires can influence the roof stability as well as generate toxic gases and create oxygen-depleted environments in large sections of the mine. 2 This makes both self-initiated escape and rescue operations difficult. 6 Mine rescue operations take time regardless of whether the company's own mine rescue teams undertake the rescue operations or the local rescue services and emergency medical service (EMS). ...
Objective
Identify factors of preparedness for peer first response to underground mining emergencies with injured victims.
Design
Cross-sectional questionnaire study of Swedish underground mineworkers.
Setting
Seven out of nine Swedish underground mines.
Participants
A total of 741 mineworkers out of 1022 (73%) participated in this study.
Interventions
None.
Outcome measures
Level of preparedness for emergencies with injuries in underground mines.
Results
Three factors influenced the preparedness of mineworkers for a peer first response: (1) familiarity with rescue procedures during emergencies with injuries; (2) risk perception of emergencies with injuries and (3) experience of using self-protective and first aid equipment. Mineworkers who believed that they knew how to handle emergencies with injuries (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.38) and those who were trained in the use of self-protective and first aid equipment (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.32) considered themselves to be better prepared for a peer first response than those who were unfamiliar with the rescue procedures or who had not used self-protective and first aid equipment. However, mineworkers who rated the risk for emergencies with injuries as high considered themselves to be less prepared than those who rated the risk as low (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.98).
Conclusion
This study identified three factors that were important for the peer-support preparedness of underground mineworkers. More research is needed to adapt and contextualise first aid courses to the needs of underground peer responders.
... Konkret können Streckenbrüche und Wassereinbrüche die Fluchtwege von Bergleuten für lange Zeit unpassierbar machen. Obwohl in modernen Bergwerken grundsätzlich mindestens zwei Fluchtwege vorgesehen sind, müssen beispielsweise im Streckenvortrieb Situationen berücksichtigt werden, in denen nur ein Fluchtweg zur Verfügung steht (3). ...
... Consequently, the second time frame is life-critical, since the miners have to physically survive it without any support from surface. The Xinqiao rescue (China, 2009) set a world-record of 25 days until first communication and supplies could be provided (3). ...
... Cuttings of about 700 t were removed by the trapped miners in shift work underground. This large diameter rescue drilling took another 34 days (3). Projecting the data of a 700 m rescue to a great depth of 2,000 m, first contact would be established in 49 days and the actual rescue would take another 97 days. ...
Long-lasting entrapments are a rare but serious issue in mine rescue.
Especially at great depth, such scenarios lead to complex rescue
missions, even in modern mining. The first challenge is to locate
the trapped miners and to establish communication. Depths
of more than 1,500 m go beyond technological feasibility and thus
require alternative approaches. With respect to drilling technology, the depth of trapped miners defines the overall duration of
the mission. To physically and mentally survive such a long-lasting
entrapment also requires innovative provisions underground. Thus,
this paper provides assessments of great depths’ constraints on relevant
mine rescue technology and will discuss possible solutions
for a worst case situation of miners being trapped underground.
Einsätze in Untertagebauwerken stellen an sich schon eine große Herausforderung dar, aber fehlende Beleuchtung und Belüftung, die Umfeldbedingungen in einer weitverzweigten Infrastruktur sowie ein Gegner, der diese Faktoren im Rahmen eines hybriden Ansatzes gezielt ausnützt, werden zu einem komplexen Szenario, das die Einsatzkräfte rasch an ihre Leistungsgrenzen bringt. Die Auseinandersetzung mit einem derartigen Szenario sowie die gezielte Vorbereitung aller Einsatzkräfte erfordern ein hohes Maß an Zusammenarbeit und gegenseitigem Verständnis. Das gemeinsame Training sowie ein Forschungsnetzwerk, welches diese Ambitionen unterstützt, stellen eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung dafür dar. Das Zentrum am Berg der Montanuniversität bietet geradezu ideale Voraussetzungen für die Beseitigung dieser Fähigkeitslücke.
