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The effects of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) on water metabolism were studied on Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats and KunMing (KM) mice. In the single dose toxicity test, polydipsia, polyuria, hematuria and proteinuria were found in group of rats receiving a MC-RR dose of 574.7 μg/kg, and could be relieved by dexamethasone (DXM). Gradient damage was observed in k...
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... Table 4, it can be seen that the USG in rats in high dose group decreased slightly, while no statistical differences in USG have been observed between the test groups and the control groups either in rat or mice (rat p = 0.092; mouse p = 0.156). ...Context 2
... were some increases in the kidney/body and liver/body coefficients of the high-dose rat group, but there was no statistical significance compared with the control group. For rats in the medium-and low-dose groups and mice in all groups, no significant differences were observed in visceral coefficients in the detected organs (Table 4). ...Context 3
... were some increases in the kidney/body and liver/body coefficients of the highdose rat group, but there was no statistical significance compared with the control group. For rats in the medium-and low-dose groups and mice in all groups, no significant differences were observed in visceral coefficients in the detected organs (Table 4). ...Context 4
... results in Table 4 show that urine specific gravity in all treated groups varied little within the first week, but dropped down in the high-dose group at 2 to 3 weeks, significantly different from the other groups (p = 0.000). Meanwhile, the urine specific gravity in the medium-and low-dose groups remained stable, showing no statistical difference with the control. ...Citations
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitously globally present in both freshwater and marine environments. Ample reports have been documented by researchers worldwide for pros and cons of cyanobacterial toxins. The implications of cyanobacterial toxin on health have received much attention in recent decades. Microcystins (MCs) represent the unique class of toxic metabolites produced by cyanobacteria. Although the beneficial aspects of cyanobacterial are numerous, the deleterious effect of MCs overlooked. Several studies on MCs evidently reported that MCs exhibit a plethora of harmful effect on animals, plants, and cell lines. Accordingly, numerous histopathological studies have also found that MCs cause detrimental effects to cells by damaging cellular organelles, including nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, flagellum, pilus membrane structures and integrity, vesicle structures, and autolysosomes and autophagosomes. Such ultrastructural cellular damages holistically influence the morphological, biochemical, physiological, and genetic status of the host. Indeed, MCs have also been found to cause the deleterious effect to different animals and plants. Such deleterious effects of MCs have greater impact on agriculture, public health which in turn influences ecotoxicology and economic consequences. The impairments correspond to oxidative stress, organ failure, carcinogenesis, aquaculture loss, with an emphasis for blooms and respective bioaccumulation prospects. The preservation of mortality among life forms is addressed in a critical cellular perspective for multitude benefits. The comprehensive cellular assessment could provide opportunity to develop strategy for therapeutic implications.
Cyanobacteria contains considerable amounts of protein and other nutritive materials and are considered to be high-quality protein source and feed additive for livestock and poultry. However, some species of cyanobacteria are also able to produce toxins, and exposure to these toxins represents health risks to animals. In the present study, pathological changes and biochemical responses were examined in the liver and kidney of the Chongren chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at dose of 5 μg kg⁻¹ (Low dose group, LD group), 10 μg kg⁻¹ (Medium dose group, MD group), and 20 μg kg⁻¹ (High dose group, HD group), respectively. Results revealed that the high dose of MC-LR led to the irreversible liver damage, which was characterized by mononuclear infiltrations，necrotic changes and blood congestion, and obvious recovery of hepatocytes was observed in the low and medium dose groups. Across all groups, the MC-LR-induced injuries in the kidney were prominent since the first hour, and it did not get any better at the end of the experiments. The MC-related detoxification and antioxidant components (GSH, GPX, GST) in the liver made positive responses, which helped to alleviate the cytotoxicity of MC-LR. Our results showed that even at low concentrations of MCs (produced by cyanobacteria), pathological changes (such as necrosis and inflammation) were observed in liver and kidney of birds.
