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Optimized information dissemination model considering governmental information publishing in a disaster. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
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China is a country that experiences a large number of disasters. The number of deaths caused by large-scale disasters and accidents in past 10 years is around 900,000. More than 92.8 percent of these deaths could be avoided if there were an effective pre-warning system deployed. Knowledge of the information dissemination characteristics of differen...
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... into account all the problems in the introduced process mentioned above, we have developed a comprehensive optimized information dissemination model for disasters. Fig. 5 shows the optimized information dissemination model considering governmental information published in a disaster. Information concerning a disaster can be monitored before, during or after the disaster by governments, disaster-related agencies or individuals. If danger is monitored by governments, depending on the type of disaster and ...
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... of disaster and its characteristics, the situation of the affected area, and the psychology and dynamic distribution of victims, a government will choose specific information media to spread information concerning the disaster. In this paper, we refer to this process as the inner loop of information dissemination, depicted by the blue arrow in Fig. 5. If danger is detected by people not directly affected by the disaster, relevant information can be injected into the flow of information about the disaster, and spread following the inner loop. When danger is directly detected by victims, excluding the information dissemination mechanisms mentioned above, victims can evacuate directly ...
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... every evacuee during the evacuation in real time through different media. In addition, using real-time information from evacuees, an updated response plan can be fed back to evacuees to optimize their evacuation behavior. This information dissemination cycle for optimized evacuation [20] is termed the outer loop, depicted by the yellow arrow in Fig. 5. The outer loop achieves the goal of macro-and micro-control during an evacuation using information dissemination in a disaster. In this information dissemination process, a government plays a critical role. Prior to a disaster, the one-to-many style of information dissemination by governments or disaster-related agencies has a higher ...
Citations
... For example, in the field of mixed traffic evacuation, Vehicle-mounted Internet, Radio Frequency Identification, and GIS have greatly promoted the development of intelligent traffic evacuation (Chen and Chung, 2017;Du et al., 2021;Wang et al., 2022b). Recent popular technologies, such as Big Data, VR, 5G, Sensors, and Cloud technology, enable scholars to accurately quantify and analyze human psychology, social behaviour, and crowd dynamics during large-scale emergency evacuation situations, hence, to better set the parameters for pedestrians or crowds in SC models (Diao and Shih, 2018;Feng et al., 2022;Li and Hsiao, 2018;Zhang et al., 2016). The development of platforms and solvers (e.g., FICO Xpress Optimization, Gurobi Optimizer, and IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio) provides new solutions for SC algorithms and can be used to address mass evacuation optimization problems. ...
Emergency evacuation is viewed as a common strategy adopted during the disaster preparedness stage of evacuation to ensure the safety of potentially affected populations. In emergency evacuation studies, soft computing approaches and methodologies have been widely used to support effective decision-making, providing robust and low-cost solutions. To understand the current status and trends of research on soft computing applications for emergency evacuation studies, 778 related studies published in the core database of Web of Science from 2000 to 2020 were considered in this study. A scientometric analysis and a comprehensive review were performed using a scientific mapping of the knowledge domain. This paper presents a set of analyses with the following primary objectives: (1) to explore and visualize the bibliometric characteristics and contents of the academic field concerned with the soft computing approaches for emergency evacuation; and (2) to review and analyze the knowledge, hotspots, and future outlooks related to soft computing approaches for emergency evacuation. The results provide some important insights regarding the existing soft computing methods that have been used in the emergency evacuation field over the past 20 years. Based on the conducted review, this paper proposes that future studies should concentrate on exploring the potential of innovative soft computing approaches for crowd modelling and enabling more accurate evacuation simulation and optimization.
... While a source will be another individual, the type of social connection the two people have may be correlated with their communication channel. Several studies have grouped trust into communication types (Tandoc et al. 2020;Zhang et al. 2016Zhang et al. , 2014b, allowing for a simplified manner of adjusting trust levels. This simulation does the same, with a simulation parameter w l . ...
... All studies except for source Rogers & Sorensen (1989) group trust by communication channel. Zhang et al. (2016) do not indicate where their values originate; presumably a survey was conducted. Network structure 3.28 An advantage of a multiplex network is the ability to customize each layer with unique properties. ...
... Some types of information, e.g., safety and warning messages, are more critical than others. Such messages are critical and should be presented to the intended audience in a way that they can be quickly located, learned, understood, and used so that the risks for damage, e.g., the number of deaths and economic losses can be lowered [2]. The interfaces designed with appropriate usability factors are highly likely to have high usability value and a positive effect on intention toward continually using the application. ...
The existing usability models have been used primarily for evaluation, not for usability engineering. The models were found to be general for specific mobile applications. They also lack appropriate guidelines to apply the usability models to m-government applications. Earthquake information is an example of critical information delivered to citizens via m-government applications. Usability design is considered a very important key factor to the success of such applications. This research addresses the challenges in finding the usability factors important to m-government applications and choosing appropriate factors for specific m-government applications. A questionnaire was administered to 49 citizens. The results include six usability factors which are learnability, simplicity, satisfaction, security, privacy, and memorability. Descriptions of the usability factors were later added to provide a clearer definition for each factor. This paper proposes the usability design framework for m-government applications. The use of the framework was illustrated based on the user interface redesign of the EarthquakeTMD application. The main aim was to demonstrate the applicability of the framework. The quality of the original UI design of the application in the case study was assessed with a questionnaire which was administered to 57 Thai citizens who lived in the areas affected by the disasters. Four designers participated in UI redesigning and produced four different UI designs. The new UI designs were evaluated via two usability tests on two sample groups of representative users. The first usability test was conducted with 24 participants. Twenty-four test cases were used. The second usability test was conducted with 351 representative users. After the tests, both sample groups were given a questionnaire based on the SUS (System Usability Scale). The same two UI designs by experienced and inexperienced designers who used the framework received the highest scores: 89.58 and 87.60 on the first usability test. They also received the highest score on the second usability test: 89.10 and 90.88. The results reveal that the citizens preferred the new user interfaces designed using the framework. It was found that the scores of the UI designed by inexperienced designers who used the framework were as high as the scores of the UI designed by experienced designers, whereas the UI designs from the designers who did not use the framework received the lowest scores: 63.23 and 54.27 on the first usability testing and 59.34 and 46.53 on the second usability testing.
... Wudaokou-Zhongguancun-Jimenqiao area in the Haidian district in Beijing was chosen as the study area, which is one of the most prosperous and densely populated areas of Beijing (see Fig. 5). According to dataset provided by Zhang et al. (2016a), the study area is 13.3 km 2 with a population density of about 156,000 persons/km 2 . The study area tends to be both a pick-up and drop- ...
The performance of an urban road-traffic system is affected by many factors, such as the average traffic demand, and the network structure, etc. At the same time, natural disasters, abnormal traffic volume and man-made accidents can result in disturbances which also influence the performance of the system. Resilience of an urban road-traffic system has been an emerging research field. This paper proposes a resilience-oriented performance assessment method based on a traffic flow assignment model to precisely capture the performance of an urban road-traffic system. System functionality is chosen as the key proxy for resilience, which can be calculated based on some index parameters including allocation rate of traffic flow, commuting efficiency on road sections, etc. A case study is implemented in a downtown area in Beijing, China. As to the resilience of the system when faced with huge traffic volume, the results show that the road-traffic system itself has a certain degree of absorption capacity for traffic pressure induced by huge volume. As to the resilience of the system when faced with local network failure, the results show that information dissemination of the network condition and the traffic volume are the key impact factors on system’s resilience curves.
... The surging number of distinct critical events in urban areas, such as accidents, natural disasters, and civil unrest, has become a matter of concern to both the population and public authorities. These events compromise the operation of cities and can impact the citizens' daily life [1,2]. Thus, researchers have developed emergency planning models to prevent critical events and/or mitigate their consequences in diverse scenarios [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
The treatment of mobile and simultaneous critical urban events requires effective actions by the appropriate authorities.
Additionally it implies communication challenges in the speed and accuracy of their occurrence by the entities, as well as dealing with the dynamics and speed in these environments. Cooperative solutions with shared resources that address these challenges become a real option in helping to handle these events. This paper presents an evaluation of dynamic monitoring and collaborative dissemination supported by vehicular groups. It aims to analyze the impact of multiple mobile and fixed events in an urban environment on information propagation, considering barriers imposed by the events and the environment. Differently from other studies in the literature, this work takes into account both fixed and mobile events, as well as simultaneous events. NS-3 simulation results show that the evaluated system monitored at least 87% and 51.5% of the time for mobile and fixed events respectively, and delivered information over 77% and 50% of the time for those events, while average delay remains close to 0.3 s in most scenarios. The achieved results also reveal that a more continuous monitoring of the mobile events is highly dependent on the strategy used to select the collaborating vehicles surrounding the event. The main contribution of this work consists of the performance analysis of both fixed and mobile simultaneous events to support studies on how moving events impact on the dissemination and delivery of real-time data, and thus encouraging the development of new data dissemination protocols for VANETs.
... According to Zhang et al. (2016), effective information dissemination plays a critical role in disaster management. The activity entails the local authorities disclose relevant information on the occurring natural disasters, which benefits them in several ways. ...
... They have been transformed from a simple communication tool to a multifunctional 'mobile-computer' with the rise of apps on mobile platforms. Mobile phone data such as CDRs and app data can be applied to the analysis of human mobility (Stefania et al. 2018;Duan et al. 2017;Gao et al. 2014;Lwin et al. 2018), social networks (Poblet et al. 2018;Trestian et al. 2017;Ghurye et al. 2016;Dobra et al. 2015), mobile phone usage patterns (Jia et al. 2017;Steenbruggen et al. 2016;Gundogdu et al. 2016;Gao et al. 2014), and geographic location (Lwin et al. 2018;Poblet et al. 2018;Dong et al. 2017;Šterk and Praprotnik 2017); these themes are discussed in additional detail in Section 3. The results can further be developed to address various issues encountered during emergencies, such as predicting epidemic transmission Panigutti et al. 2017) and developing pre-warning systems (Zhang et al. 2016;Dong et al. 2017). ...
Emergency management (EM) has always been a concern of people from all walks of life due to the devastating impacts emergencies can have. The global outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 has pushed EM to the top topic. As mobile phones have become ubiquitous, many scholars have shown interest in using mobile phone data for EM. This paper presents a systematic literature review about the use of mobile phone data for EM that includes 65 related articles written between 2014 and 2019 from six electronic databases. Five themes in using mobile phone data for EM emerged from the reviewed articles, and a systematic framework is proposed to illustrate the current state of the research. This paper also discusses EM under COVID-19 pandemic and five future implications of the proposed framework to guide future work.
... Does the information help the EL community to prepare and respond to disasters. Disasters, for example, floods, extreme temperatures, drought, landslides, and epidemic can be monitored and pre-warning information can be disseminated (Zhang et al., 2016) To make use of such early forecasts, settlers at the epicentre should evacuate such areas. There are various gaps in current research that address disaster information dissemination. ...
... Thus, to circulate information on a large scale, "a setup of infrastructure networks for information dissemination" is needed (Cui et al., 2020). Zhang et al. (2016) opined that a broad model of information dissemination is needed (social media based on information network and traditional media based on physical methods). These methods would greatly improve the effectiveness of disaster information dissemination if the media employs a multi-approach. ...
... These methods would greatly improve the effectiveness of disaster information dissemination if the media employs a multi-approach. Zhang et al. (2016) classified radio as a low-speed information dissemination medium and classified SMS as a high-speed which can assist the limitation of an initial low-speed. However, in disaster information dissemination, the government should be proactive and responsive in spreading information that covers every people. ...
Climate-related disasters in coastal urban areas are intensifying with significant impacts on populaces, environments , and ecosystems. Hence, climate-related disaster preparedness is now acknowledged by climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction experts. However, there is limited knowledge of communities and policy-makers on the integration of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction (DRR). This paper through the lens of resilience theory presents goals towards linking coastal climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction from the case study of East London, coastal city in South Africa. This study gathered data through a semi-structured survey, aimed at defining salient public issues to improve CCA and DRR policies, public participation inclusion, and programmes. This study shows that the knowledge of CCA and DRR is relatively low in the study area, also the provision of disaster information by the local authority is quite low. Conversely, most of the respondents affirm that available disaster information is always in locally understood languages, this is important in understanding disaster early warning by local dwellers. Accordingly, in disaster information dissemination, the government should be proactive and responsive in spreading information that covers every people. Further work that respects the importance of indigenous knowledge for CCA and DRR integration is needed i.e. local participation in the framework of development endeavours, through the inclusion of indigenous people in policymaking at the sub-national, national and international levels, this would help them to participate in administrative processes that affect them; providing a resilient community, improved adaptive capacity and sustainable living. Effective flexibility, adaptability, interoperability among stakeholders at various levels are key ingredients to reaching these goals.
... The surging number of distinct critical events in urban areas, such as accidents, natural disasters, and civil unrest, has become a matter of concern to both the population and public authorities. These events compromise the operation of cities and can impact the citizens' daily life [1] [2]. Thus, researchers have developed emergency planning models to prevent critical events and/or mitigate their consequences in diverse scenarios [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]. ...
The treatment of mobile and simultaneous critical urban events requires effective actions by the appropriate authorities. Additionally it implies communication challenges in the speed and accuracy of their occurrence by the entities, as well as dealing with the dynamics and speed in these environments. Cooperative solutions with shared resources that address these challenges become a real option in helping to handle these events. This paper presents an evaluation of dynamic monitoring and collaborative dissemination supported by vehicular groups. It aims to analyze the impact of multiple mobile and fixed events in an urban environment on information propagation, considering barriers imposed by the events and the environment. Differently from other studies in the literature, this work takes into account both fixed and mobile events, as well as simultaneous events. NS3 results show that the evaluated system monitored at least 87% and 51.5% of the time for mobile and fixed events respectively, and delivered information over 77% and 50% of the time for those events, with average delay remains close to 0.3s in most scenarios. The results also reveal that a more continuous monitoring of the mobile events is highly dependent on the orientation of the vehicles. The main contribution of this work consists of the performance analysis of both fixed and mobile simultaneous events to support studies on how moving events impact on the dissemination and delivery of real-time data, and thus encouraging the development of new data dissemination protocols for VANETs.
... They performed evaluation of different pre-warning information dissemination media such as TV, [11] VANET, [12] telephone ring-down, and tone-alert radio, [13] short message service (SMS), [14] and so on. [15][16][17] For example, Wei et al. ...
... According to our interview survey with staffs of Beijing Meteorological Bureau, when disseminating pre-warning information through television, information is often transmitted by floating boxes on the top or bottom of the TV screen, indicating that the issue of warning by TV is a continuous process. While in Zhang's and Wei's TV [11,15] warning dissemination models, it was assumed that the warnings were issued only by announcer every 60 minutes or other time period, which was a discrete process and not accorded with our actual life. According to the China TV Ratings Yearbook 2016, TV ratings at different time of a day is roughly shown in Fig. 1. ...
Pre-warning plays an important role in emergency handling, especially in urban areas with high population density like Beijing. Knowing the information dissemination mechanisms clearly could help us reduce losses and ensure the safety of human beings during emergencies. In this paper, we propose the models of pre-warning information dissemination via five classical media based on actual pre-warning issue processes, including television, radio, short message service(SMS), electronic screens and online social networks. The population coverage ability and dissemination efficiency at different issue time of these five issue channels are analyzed by simulation methods, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared by radar graphs. Results show that SMS is the most appropriate way to issue long-term pre-warning for its large population coverage, but it is not suitable for issuing urgent warnings to large population because of the limitation of telecom company's issue ability. TV shows the best performance to combine the dissemination speed and range, and the performance of radio and electronic screens are not as satisfactory as the others. In addition, online social networks might become one of the most promising communication method for its potential in further diffusion. These models and results could help make pre-warning issue plans and provide guidance for future construction of information diffusion systems, thus reducing injuries, deaths and other losses under different emergencies.
