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Optical networks. (a) Time Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (TDM-PON); (b) Active Optical Network (AON).
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Due to the rapid growth of Internet and multimedia services, broadband fiber access technologies, such as Passive Optical Networks (PONs), come to the forefront of the research field. Network service providers mostly deploy Time Division Multiplexed (TDM)-PON everywhere in the world. In order to mitigate the future demand, researchers have investig...
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... from a topological point of view, we can classify FTTx networks as either Point-to-Point (P2P) or Point-to-Multi-Point (P2MP) networks. Fig. 1 shows a simple architecture of the P2MP based TDM-PON and AON architectures. For signal distribution, AONs require some electrically powered equipment, such as Ethernet switch, router, or multiplexer, whereas PONs require passive equipment, such as optical splitter or arrayed waveguide grating. In both cases, the feeder fiber runs from ...
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Citations
... In [2], a comparison study of active and passive optical access networks utilizing the Point-to-MultiPoint (P2MP) topology is presented without any protection scheme. A possible migration scenario to the next generation of hybrid passive optical access networks is presented in [3] also with a proposal for a self-restored architecture including the classical point-to-multipoint physical topology. In [4], a comparison of power budget analyses for single-and dual feeder fiber architectures of passive optical networks is presented. ...
... The network reliability analysis is based on Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) representations due to their significant advantages including an accuracy, flexibility, simplicity and visual impact [3,6]. They allow a determination the total network availability for a given protection scheme. ...
... with unavailability parameters U x of the OLT module, the FF fiber, the AWG element, the DF fiber and the ONU unit for specific lengths of feeder and distribution fibers [3]. A calculation of the network availability for P2MP protection scenarios furthermore includes a parameter of the network restoration time [20,25]. ...
This paper is focused on the performance analysis of protection mechanisms utilized in common wavelength division multiplexing-based passive optical networks. The main aim of the proposed research is providing an option of comparing different traffic protection scenarios for advanced optical network designs, evaluating their possible realizations from a viewpoint of the total optical power budget and analyzing their network availabilities with accommodation to concrete optical access infrastructures. First, a short basic classification of passive optical network architectures utilizing advanced wavelength division multiplexing techniques is introduced. Second, considered presumptive protection scenarios deployed to this kind of passive optical networks involved in the performance analysis are presented. For the performance analysis, corresponding reliability diagrams, relations and formulas used for the calculation of the total network availability are prepared for any specific scenario. In addition, the optical power budget is considered and subsequently evaluated for each protection scheme. For evaluating possible migration scenarios related to considered protection schemes and for comparing protection possibilities of various passive optical networks, a realization of the appropriate simulation tool must be executed. The simulation program utilizes specific parameters of particular optical components utilized in a selected protection scheme and presents its resultant network availability. Values of considered specific parameters can be changed according to the well-known data resources or specific network operator’s data. Subsequently, relevant simulation results obtained by the Network Availability Evaluator that can provide insights into relationships between a number of protection schemes are used for the performance analysis. Finally, an evaluation of the total network availability for considered traffic protection scenarios utilized in passive optical networks with advanced wavelength division multiplexing is included.
... Despite clear advantages of future passive optical access networks based on the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) principles, many network operators permanently develop time division multiplexing-based (TDM) passive optical networks, eventually with a moderate upgrade to hybrid passive optical networks. In [1], a possible migration R. Róka (B) Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: rastislav.roka@stuba.sk ...
This paper is involved in the performance analysis of protection mechanisms utilized in common time division multiplexing-based passive optical networks. First, possible protection schemes for this kind of passive optical networks involved into the performance analysis are presented. This analysis is based on corresponding reliability diagrams and parameters used for the evaluation of the total network availability for each considered protection scheme. For evaluating possible migration scenarios related to protection schemes and comparing of protection possibilities of various passive optical networks, an appropriate simulation program must be prepared. Subsequently, the PON network availability evaluator is realized for obtaining relevant results appropriate for the performance analysis. The simulation program utilizes specific parameters for particular optical components utilized in a selected protection scheme and presents its resultant network availability. Values of considered parameters are changing according to the well-known data resources or specific network operator’s data. Finally, an evaluation of the total network availability for considered traffic protection schemes utilized in TDM-PON networks is included.KeywordsTDM-PON networksTraffic protection schemesPON network availability evaluatorPerformance analysis
... Figure 6 shows the schematic diagram for calculating the availability of the proposed system. The MTTR, MTBF, and unavailability values of various components are summarized in Table 2 [35]. The unavailability of the OWC channel, i.e., sea water can be considered as 0. ...
We demonstrate the design and simulation of a long range four-channel wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (WDM-PON) operating at 40 Gb/s (4 × 10 Gb/s) in downstream transmission for undersea wireless optical communication. The proposed model consists of two separate subsections between the optical transmitter and receiver. The first subsection consists of the central office and 50 km long feeder fiber for transmitting the optical signal from a distant base station to the 1 × 4 optical demultiplexer located at the sea shore. The second subsection comprises 500 m distributed fiber from the 1 × 4 optical demultiplexer to the terminal point placed at the bottom of the sea and 15–20 m optical wireless channel inside sea water. Simulation results confirmed successful transmission of optical signals from the 50 km distant optical transmitter to the optical receiver located maximum 15 m inside the sea water with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼20.96 dB, bit error rate of ∼1.55 × 10 ⁻⁸ , and quality factor of ∼5.584. The eye diagram at the receiving end also exemplifies quality downstream data transmission at a rate of 10 Gb/s per channel. In addition, we compare the simulation results of the four-channel 40 Gb/s WDM-PON system with a four-channel WDM-PON system operating at 4 Gb/s (4 × 1 Gb/s). Simulation results confirm maximum reach of 17.5 m inside sea water at a cost of significant reduction in data rate. Furthermore, we analyze the system availability of the proposed WDM-PONs and find convincing results for high-speed secured data transmission under water.
... Passive optical network (PON) is a broadband access network technology with huge development potential, which can provide great advantages in a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) solution [1]. Advantages include high-quality video, voice and data triple play service functions, point-to-multipoint structure, high-speed Internet access and other cost-effective services. ...
Signal remodulation mechanism is a promising cost-effective choice for future optical access networks. This paper investigates the scheme of the phase modulator to remodulate upstream data in the bidirectional WDM PON and TWDM PON system. The simulation results of downstream is carried out using two data formats such as RZ and NRZ at varying lengths of single mode fibers in this scheme. In addition, the upstream transmission compares different remodulators such as Phase modulator, Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and Electroabsorption modulator. By analyzing the eye diagram and Q-value, the performance of upstream and downstream transmission is obtained. It is observed that the PM remodulation TWDM-PON with NRZ modulation format has better performance, which is a rational solution for NG-PON2 cost-effectiveness.
... In Table 4, we show the BER for the proposed PCF and standard SMF. BER is calculated by [75] BER 2 3 erfc Q 2 ...
We propose a perfectly square lattice photonic crystal fiber (PCF) which shows high birefringence and negative dispersion. To set up high asymmetry in the core, dual line imperfection is considered where the fill fraction ratio and defect air hole diameter exhibit significant impact on dispersion and birefringence. Numerical analyses of guiding properties of the proposed PCF are done using finite element method with perfectly matched layer boundary condition from 1.2 to 1.8 μm wavelength. The optimized square lattice PCF presents high birefringence of 2.48 × 10 −2 and dispersion of −777.66 (ps/nm.km) at 1.55 μm wavelength. In addition, the proposed PCF offers ultra-low confinement and insertion loss at 1.55 μm wavelength. Moreover, −0.45 (ps/nm 2 .km) dispersion slope and 0.0045 nm −1 relative dispersion slope are observed at 1.55 μm wavelength. Additionally, the proposed PCF maintains dispersion and birefringence variation of ±30 (ps/ nm.km) and ±0.00001 between 1.5 and 1.6 μm wavelength ranges, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed PCF shows high quality factor and low bit error rate at 10 dBm input power. We believe the proposed square lattice PCF can be deployed in wavelength division multiplexing based optical fiber transmission system for wide-band dispersion compensation.
... So there is a massive deployment of FTTH (Fiber −To-The −Home) to serve more number of users with increased bandwidth (Kaur, Kaur & Singh, 2017). Passive Optical Network (PON) architecture is adopted across the globe in order to provide higher bandwidth support (Ahsan, Lee, Newaz & Asif, 2011). More specifically, the Gigabit PON or GPON provide a powerful point-to multipoint solution to satisfy the increasing capacity demand in the access part of the communication infrastructure, between service provider central office (CO) and a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) at the consumer premises (Skubic, Chen, Ahmed, Wosinska & Mukherjee, 2009).The hybrid GPON is a hybrid passive optical network, where WDM-GPON and TDM-GPON are integrated into a single passive optical network (Liu, Zhang & Li, 2011). ...
... High capacity optical networks are in demand to support high-quality services. Optical channels have been upgraded to 40 Gb/s by combining OTDM with Dense WDM [1]. Thus, in such a scenario of high capacity DWDM systems, incorporating hybrid/mixed data rates, the prominent nonlinear effects in fiber transmission, calls for mitigation techniques to reduce Four Wave Mixing (FWM) effects by ~50% thereby also keeping a check on the total optical bandwidth occupied. ...
We propose an Unequally Spaced Channel Allocation Algorithm in a 0.2nm, mixed bit
rates, DWDM system, for FWM reduction. Overall performance in terms of covered optical
bandwidth, reduced FWM products and received output power is reported.
OCIS codes: (060.2330) Fiber optics communications; (060.4510) Optical Communications
... In the presence of ISI, when the pulse does not satisfy the Nyquist criterion, the diagram tends to close vertically. For error-free transmission in the absence of noise, the eye must be kept some vertical opening, or otherwise there exist interference between symbols that would cause errors [10,13]. When the eye is not fully closed, the interference between symbols reduces the value of allowable additive noise. ...
... Therefore, TDMA is implemented in Fig. 4 WDM PON-business, residential, school-mall and buildings ONU block each of the areas for each user to transmits in a determined instant of time. This action avoids the collision of two users when they wish to transmit information at the same time [13,15]. Referring the Fig. 5.1, the first block to be analyzed is the hospital block. ...
The steady increase in the demand for broadband services and the consequent increase in the volume of generated traffic in our communication networks have motivated the need to implement next generation networks in our territories. Optical Fibre cable is used as media to design long/short network and it supports high bandwidth in Gigabits per second speed. Earlier OFC is used to connect the long distance places and called Optical Transport Network and presently used even in local/Access network called Optical Access Network. In present environment data to be transmitted is so high due to growth in internet. Successful transmission of such a huge bandwidth is big challenging job for long distance network designer. All customers require the QOS and they are interested to make SLA for their service to be obtained from Service provider. ISP should design their network to support the customer requirement suitably otherwise ISP cannot survive in this competitive environment. This paper aims to explain the design and planning of a passive optical network based fiber to the home architecture. The main idea of this paper is to build a fabricated environment that allows us to analyse the depth on FTTx networks and decide which is the most preferable option for this environment. Finally, the simulation software that meets the design requirements will be chosen, the design of passive optical network will be made and the results justify that the network is more viable and can be implemented in a real time.
... To verify the concept and benefits of CFDS, the actual breakpoint of the optical line under working (good/ideal and non-working (failure/breakdown) conditions are measured at an early stage by using an OTDR and then transferred into the PC. After completing the transferring process, the results need to be recorded in database and then loaded into CFDS for future analysis [5]. ...
... The Downstream transmission i.e. from OLT to ONU/ONT is generally TDM. The Upstream traffic i.e. from ONU/ONT to OLT is usually TDMA[4,5]. ...
At present Optical fibre cable is used as media to design long/short network and it supports high bandwidth in Gigabits per second speed. Earlier OFC is used to connect the long distance places and called Optical transport network and presently used even in local/Access network called Optical Access network. In present environment data to be transmitted is so high due to growth in internet. Successful transmission of such a huge bandwidth is big challenging job for long distance network designer. This paper aims to explain the design and planning of a Passive Optical Network (PON) based wireless fibre to the Home architecture. The purpose is to show the behaviour of links of optical fibre when the signal goes through all the elements such as optical fibre, splitters, multiplexers and the goal is to find a good quality of signal in all receivers. The final goal pursued with this paper is to evaluate the performance of the whole system. The steady increase in the demand for broadband services and the consequent increase in the volume of generated traffic in our communication networks have motivated the need to implement next generation access networks in our territories. To develop multimedia telecommunication networks as an infrastructure, it is necessary to install highly reliable optical fibre cable network architecture like PON based fibre to the Home Network. In a point-to-multipoint architecture, PON is an appropriate architecture to provide high bandwidth for many customers. For any Internet Service Providers, the biggest challenge is to design an efficient access network like PON to ensure the QoS and maintenance of that network that includes Identification and Rectification of cable faults in that access network within short time thus enabling efficiency and reputation of ISPs. So this work deals with design and analysis of access network like PON and also the maintenance of the access network which includes Identification and Rectification of optical fibre cable faults in PON based fibre to the Home Network. The quality of this fibre infrastructure/network is monitored by Optical Time Domain Reflectometer for observing losses and fibre breaks and its efficiency is improved by Centralized Fault Detection System. The hardware implementation of the access network like PON based wireless fibre to the Home Network and the testing instruments are also considered for fault identification.
... Active Optical Networks require some electrically powered equipment, such as Ethernet switch, router or multiplexer, whereas Passive Optical Networks require passive equipment, such as an optical splitter or arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) [4]. ...
Passive Optical Networks (PONs) represent one of the most
attractive access network solutions. As the demand for higher
bandwidth per user is increasing and accelerating, there is an
inevitable need for an evolution from the currently deployed
passive optical networks (PONs) to next-generation optical
access networks. Apart from meeting the bandwidth
requirement, the Next Generation Access Networks must
overcome the limitations of existing gigabit-class PONs i.e.
low capacity, limited reach, and restricted mobility. Different
architectures included in this paper for realizing the NG-OAN
are based on different standards introduced by IEEE and ITUT.
A brief summary of future scope has also been included.
