Optical microscope images of the wear scar on the ball, section of the wear trace on the plate, and profile of the wear trace (from left to right) observed after the tribo-test when nanoparticle-free biodiesel (a) and CPL (b), CNT (c), Al2O3 (d), ZnO (e), and CeO2 (f) nanoparticle loaded biodiesel were used for lubrication.

Optical microscope images of the wear scar on the ball, section of the wear trace on the plate, and profile of the wear trace (from left to right) observed after the tribo-test when nanoparticle-free biodiesel (a) and CPL (b), CNT (c), Al2O3 (d), ZnO (e), and CeO2 (f) nanoparticle loaded biodiesel were used for lubrication.

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Fuel lubricity is an essential property that ensures the longevity end efficiency of diesel CI engines. Nanomaterials have been shown to have the potential to improve lubricity in many different lubricating substances, including fuels. Moreover, the combustion process has also been shown to improve with the introduction of nanomaterials. This study...

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Context 1
... comprehensive analysis of the worn surfaces could reveal prevailing wear mechanisms and lubrication patterns. The optical images of the wear scar on the ball and wear traces on the plate, and its profile, measured perpendicular to the sliding direction, are presented in Figures 7 and 8. In addition, the high-magnification SEM images of wear traces on the plate and the EDS composition of corresponding worn surfaces are presented in Fig- ures 9 and 10. ...
Context 2
... was mentioned earlier, lubrication with nanoparticle-free RME provided low friction, while adding nanoparticles resulted in higher COF. The reason can be seen by analyzing the wear traces on the plate in Figure 7. The lubrication with RME produced a relatively smooth worn surface (Table 5). ...
Context 3
... a result, the roughness of the worn surfaces increased (Table 5). Moreover, scratches were also observed on the much harder ball surface (Figure 7). It could be the case that the three-body wear occurred when nanoparticles were present between interacting surfaces. ...