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Optical micrographs of raw ilmenite ore samples: (a) liberated grains of ilmenite with little pyrite; (b) liberated grains of ilmenite; (c) ilmenite closely linked with hematite; (d) ilmenite closely linked with other gangues (Ilm: ilmenite; Hem: hematite; Py: pyrite; G: gangue).
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Flotation technology of the recovery and utilization of ilmenite from tailings of iron beneficiated in Panzhihua was investigated based on mineralogical study. The results of mineralogical study show that the main occurrence of the valuable mineral are liberated grains of ilmenite. Experimental results of flotation conditions show that attrition-sc...
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Context 1
... the embedded feature between valuable ilmenite and gangue seems to still be unclear. Therefore, the output characteristics of ilmenite were studied and the results are shown in Figure 3. It is clearly determined that ilmenite can be classified into two types, as follow: one is the liberated grains of ilmenite type, and the other is the type that ilmenite links with gangue or other minerals closely. ...
Context 2
... is clearly determined that ilmenite can be classified into two types, as follow: one is the liberated grains of ilmenite type, and the other is the type that ilmenite links with gangue or other minerals closely. For the former (shown in Figure 3a,b), the distribution of particles is even and the size range is approximately from 0.01 to 0.08 mm. As for the latter (shown in Figure 3c,d), ilmenite exists in the form of intergrowth with gangue or hematite. ...
Context 3
... the former (shown in Figure 3a,b), the distribution of particles is even and the size range is approximately from 0.01 to 0.08 mm. As for the latter (shown in Figure 3c,d), ilmenite exists in the form of intergrowth with gangue or hematite. As shown in Figure 3a, there are few sulfide minerals in the raw ore. ...
Context 4
... for the latter (shown in Figure 3c,d), ilmenite exists in the form of intergrowth with gangue or hematite. As shown in Figure 3a, there are few sulfide minerals in the raw ore. Therefore, the desulphurization procedure before ilmenite flotation is necessary to produce qualified ilmenite concentrates. ...
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Citations
... During the flotation process, reagents play conclusive roles in modifying the surface properties to promote their floatability. On an industrial production scale, the frequently used collectors in ilmenite flotation are fatty acids and their soaps, along with fuel oils [21,22]. Fatty acids and hydroxymates are usually used as collectors to float anatase, and the performance of hydroxymates is superior to fatty acids [23,24]. ...
In this work, a complete beneficiation technical route combining physical and chemical methods, namely a roasting-flotation-leaching scheme, is proposed to produce a qualified grade Ti-concentrate from altered Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) ore. Based on the character of the ore sample, it is recommended to recover the Ti-bearing minerals, ilmenite and anatase, as composite mineral. Pretreatment experiments indicate that the oxidation roasting (800 °C) and acid washing methods increase the flotation indexes significantly. Flotation condition tests show that the optimal conditions are a grinding fineness of −0.045 mm 83%, sulfuric acid dosage of 2000 g/t, water glass dosage of 1500 g/t, oxalic acid dosage of 200 g/t, and EM328 dosage of 1500 g/t. An open flotation circuit test obtains a flotation concentrate with a TiO2 grade and recovery of 38.30% and 25.99%, respectively. A leaching exploration test shows that the TiO2 grade of the flotation concentrate can be improved to 53.90%. XRD analyses reveal that the ilmenite in the VTM ore is converted into anatase and rutile during the roasting process at 600–800 °C, but pseudobrookite begins to form at 900 °C. Compared to the flotation concentrate, it is confirmed that the content of Ti-bearing minerals is increased significantly in the leaching residue.
... According to the difference in the magnetic properties between titanomagnetite and other minerals, VTM can provide a beneficiation process consisting of stage grinding and stage separation to obtain the VTM concentrate and Fe-separation tailing. Ilmenite can then be separated from the Feseparation tailings through a strong magnetic enrichment process (or gravity separation), Activator Since the surface-active point of ilmenite has a significant influence on its floatability, the flotation performance can be enhanced by adding metal ions (such as Al 3+ , Pt 2+ , and Fe 3+ ) or chemical reagents [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Furthermore, the surface-active point of ilmenite can also be increased through ultrasonic excitation, magnetic fields, microwave excitation, etc. Carboxymethyl cells (CMCs), acidified water glass (AWG), sodium polystyrene sulfide (PSSNa), and other reagents can effectively depress titanopyroxene from entering ilmenite, thus improving the grade and recovery of ilmenite [19][20][21][22]. ...
Vanadium titanomagnetite (VTM) is an important mineral for developing titanium resources, but the comprehensive recovery of ilmenite separation is extremely poor, resulting in the low-efficiency utilization of titanium resources. Here, the separation of ilmenite from VTM ore is studied by combining magnetic separation and flotation technologies. In particular, the floatability of mixed MOH/PG-1 collectors is thoroughly investigated. The results show that a concentrate with a TiO2 grade of 9.90% can be separated via weak magnetic separation and coarse particle tailing dumping. The concentrate grade is then increased to 14.32% via strong magnetic separation and floating separation of sulfur minerals. Finally, a TiO2 grade of 46.34% is obtained through closed-circuit flotation using mixed MOH/PG-1 collectors. The mixed collectors are very efficient and can enhance the chemical adsorption of the Ti4+, Fe3+, and Fe2+ ions in the ilmenite concentrate compared with the MOH collector, thereby increasing the TiO2 grade and recovery by 3.31% and 1.20%, respectively. This is beneficial for improving the comprehensive utilization of titanium resources in VTM ores.
... SPE was synthesized using phosphorus pentachloride and styrene as raw materials. The intermediate (styrene phosphine tetrachloride) was firstly synthesized by Reaction (1), and then reacted with alcohol and water in sequence as shown in Reactions (2) and (3). The optimal synthesis conditions are listed as follows: chloroform was used as the solvent; the molar ratio of styrene꞉ phosphorus pentachloride ꞉ n-butanol was set to be 1꞉1.2꞉1.5; the reaction time of the first, second and third steps is 4, 2 and 1 h, respectively, with the reaction temperature of 50 °C. ...
A styryl phosphonate ester (SPE) collector was used to improve the flotation performance of ilmenite, and the adsorption mechanism and model were revealed and established, respectively. Microflotation tests showed that SPE exhibited a stronger collecting ability for ilmenite than the traditional collector styrene phosphonic acid (SPA). Zeta potential measurements revealed that both SPE and SPA could negatively shift the zeta potential of ilmenite, while SPE had more effects than SPA, suggesting the stronger adsorption of SPE. The analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the chemisorption of SPA and SPE onto the Fe/Ti sites of ilmenite. According to frontier orbital theory, the chemical activities of SPE are greater than those of SPA. The partial densities of states analysis indicated that the PO—H groups of the collectors could interact with the Ti/Fe atoms of the ilmenite surface to generate a stable four-membered ring. The bonding model of the collector and (104) ilmenite surface showed that the adsorption energy of SPE was higher than that of SPA. Overall, SPE presented a better collecting ability and interaction effect for ilmenite flotation than SPA, and had the potential to replace SPA in the industry.
... Comminution is usually not required for these minerals, which reduces processing costs and saves energy [2]. Depending on the properties of each mineral to be separated, heavy minerals can be separated by magnetic separation, electrostatic separation or flotation [10,[12][13][14][15][16]. Advanced separator devices, such as fluidized hydrocyclone separator or Falcon concentrator, are proved to be useful for selective separating of heavy minerals [17,18]. ...
The history of exploitation of gold from the Danube River’s sandy gravels is centuries long. The extraction of valuable heavy minerals (VHM) concentrate was never intended. Our aim is to find out an effective separation process to produce monomineral concentrates of the following minerals: garnet, ilmenite, zircon, monazite, magnetite, rutile, gold. The essential condition is to use no chemistry (no flotation, leaching, activating). The experimental concentrates were prepared by sluicing on active river channel. Next, the separation results were achieved using gravity and electromagnetic methods with different magnetic intensities. The prepared rutile contained from 63.3% TiO2 to 87% TiO2. The ilmenite concentrate contained 20.5% TiO2 and 39.2% ilmenite. The garnet concentrate contained 94% garnet. The monazite concentrate contained 86.6% monazite, and the sum of REE oxides was 50.1%. The zircon concentrate containing 63.7% ZrO2 means that the prepared concentrate contained 96.1% zircon.
... Most of the physical upgrading processes begin with a gravity concentration in order to separate HMs from the associated gangue, and are mainly composed of quartz and feldspar [5,[8][9][10][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. After gravity concentration, the obtained HMs can be separated by the magnetic, electrostatic; or flotation separation techniques, depending on the mineralogical content and the properties of each mineral being separated [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Therefore, it is essential to decide on the physical upgrading processes that can recover the most VHMs at a fast and efficient processing rate. ...
In this work we are concerned with the potentiality of using mineral processing for raising the grade of the valuable heavy minerals (VHMs) from the Quaternary stream sediments of Wadi and Delta Sermatai located on the southern coast of the Red Sea, Egypt. A rigorous understanding of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of the studied samples is a prerequisite for the selection and development of the physical processing used in order to produce a high-grade concentrate. For this purpose, the grain size distribution analysis, heavy liquid separation tests as well as XRF, and SEM analysis are performed. The magnetite, ilmenite, garnet, zircon, rutile, apatite, sphene, pyrolusite, celestine, and heavy green silicates are the valuable heavy minerals recorded in the studied samples; but their quantity varies between Wadi and Delta. The upgrading experiments are performed via a shaking table in conjunction with the low and high-intensity magnetic separator in order to obtain the high-grade concentrates from the valuable heavy minerals, and after applying the optimum separation conditions, the total heavy mineral (THM) assay increase from 8.32% to 46.04% for Wadi Sermatai, while for Delta Sermatai increase from 8.37% to 50.13% into 8.89% and 9.59%, respectively, by mass yield. The THM recovery values reach 66.84% for Wadi Sermatai and 67.23% for Delta Sermatai. After the results of the chemical analysis of the concentrates, it is proved that the Sermatai area is considered as a potential source for some economic elements such as Fe, Ti, Zn, Zr, Cr, V, and Sr.
... Chemical separation techniques include calcination/roasting and leaching using oxalic acid and an ammonia solution. Separation techniques that combine chemical and physical separation techniques include sequential calcination or roasting followed by magnetic separation [90][91][92][93][94]. These techniques are discussed based on researchers' contributions to the processing of low-grade pyrophyllite ore. ...
Pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2) is a phyllosilicate often associated with quartz, mica, kaolinite, epidote, and rutile minerals. In its pure state, pyrophyllite exhibits unique properties such as low thermal and electrical conductivity, high refractive behavior, low expansion coefficient, chemical inertness, and high resistance to corrosion by molten metals and gases. These properties make it desirable in different industries such as refractory; ceramic, fiberglass, and cosmetic industries; as filler in the paper, plastic, paint, and pesticide industries; as soil conditioner in the fertilizer industry; and as a dusting agent in the rubber and roofing industries. Pyrophyllite can also serve as an economical alternative in many industrial applications to different minerals as kaolinite, talc, and feldspar. To increase its market value, pyrophyllite must have high alumina (Al2O3) content, remain free of any impurities, and possess as much whiteness as possible. This paper presented a review of pyrophyllite’s industrial applications, its important exploitable properties, and the specifications required for its use in industry. It also presents the most effective and economical techniques for enriching low-grade pyrophyllite ores to make them suitable for various industrial applications.
... Chemical separation techniques include calcination/roasting and leaching using oxalic acid and an ammonia solution. Separation techniques that combine chemical and physical separation techniques include sequential calcination or roasting followed by magnetic separation [90][91][92][93][94]. These techniques are discussed based on researchers' contributions to the processing of low-grade pyrophyllite ore. ...
Pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2) is a phyllosilicate often associated with quartz, mica, kaolinite, epidote, and rutile minerals. In its pure state, pyrophyllite exhibits unique properties such as low thermal and electrical conductivity, high refractive behavior, low expansion coefficient, chemical inertness, and high resistance to corrosion by molten metals and gases. These properties make it desirable in different industries such as refractory; ceramic, fiberglass, and cosmetic industries; as filler in the paper, plastic, paint, and pesticide industries; as soil conditioner in the fertilizer industry; and as a dusting agent in the rubber and roofing industries. Pyrophyllite can also serve as an economical alternative in many industrial applications to different minerals as kaolinite, talc, and feldspar. To increase its market value, pyrophyllite must have high alumina (Al2O3) content, remain free of any impurities, and possess as much whiteness as possible. This paper presented a review of pyrophyllite’s industrial applications, its important exploitable properties, and the specifications required for its use in industry. It also presents the most effective and economical techniques for enriching low-grade pyrophyllite ores to make them suitable for various industrial applications.
... Ilmenite and rutile are the main economically valuable titanium-bearing ores in nature, among which ilmenite accounts for 93% of the world's total reserves of titanium resources [6,7]. Therefore, the development and utilization of ilmenite have attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years [8][9][10][11]. In general, the metallogenic mechanism of ilmenite has an important influence on its utilization. According to USGS data, the ilmenite in China occurs mainly in igneous rock deposits [3]. ...
... However, the above-mentioned research on the surface modification of ilmenite based on conventional collector system and the development of new collectors for ilmenite flotation have neglected a vital issue, which is the improvement of the floatability of ilmenite in the acidic pulp. In the industrial flotation of ilmenite in the Panzhihua area, one roughing and three cleaning operations are generally employed to produce qualified ilmenite concentrate, in which the roughing operations are usually conducted in weakly acidic pulp with a pH of about 6.0, and the cleaning operations are generally carried out in strongly acidic pulp with pH about 3.0 [11,23]. However, most previous studies focused on the flotation of ilmenite under weakly acidic conditions (optimum pH range for collectors used in associated studies), ignoring the adverse effect of pH reduction on collectors performance or without the improvement of poor ilmenite floatability within the strongly acidic pH range [22,24,25]. ...
The existing fatty acid collectors generally have problems of poor separation performance and low recovery in the strongly acidic pulp of the flotation of ilmenite concentrate. In this study, a surfactant, dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12), was introduced to promote the flotation performance of sodium oleate (NaOL) under strong acid conditions. Using the combined collector (NaOL:BS-12=6:4), 90% of the ilmenite could float while the titanaugite basically did not float under the condition of pulp pH=3. The interaction mechanism was investigated through laser particle size analysis and high-speed photography. The results of laser particle size analysis showed that the combined collector could selectively flocculate ilmenite and increase the particle size of ilmenite, making it easier to be floated out, but had no similar effect on titanaugite. The results of high-speed photography showed that the combined collector could make the ilmenite particles form huge flocs and the adhesion of the flocs to bubble was the best compared with the cases when NaOL or BS-12 was used individually, while such effect on titanaugite was limited. Therefore, the combined collector (NaOL:BS-12=6:4) will be a promising collector for ilmenite flotation because of its excellent selectivity and conformity to the actual situation of industrial production of ilmenite concentrate.
... Titanium and its alloys are important lightweight, structural and new functional materials [1,2] due to their excellent physical and chemical properties such as low density, high strength, high temperature stability and excellent corrosion resistance. Titanium is widely used in the aerospace, military and chemical industries, shipping, construction, sporting equipment, medical tools, biomedical and other civil fields; thus, it is known as the "The space of metal" and "Marine metal" [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Titanium minerals include ilmenite, titanomagnetite, vanadium titanomagnetite and rutile [10,11]. ...
The phase evolution mechanism and purification of titanium oxycarbide (TiCxOy) synthesized via the carbothermal reduction of ilmenite are investigated. The reaction process and products of the performed carbothermal reduction are analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS) and enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity (HSC) thermodynamic software. According to the shapes of Ti 2p3/2 and Ti 2p1/2 peaks in XPS spectra, together with the XRD analyses, the reduction products of TiO, TiCxOy or TiC can be judged. The phase evolution mechanism involves FeTi2O5, Ti2O3, Fe, TiO, TiCxOy and TiC under enhancing the content of carbon. The phase evolution law can be written as FeTiO3 → FeTi2O5 → Ti2O3 + Fe → TiO + Fe → TiCxOy + Fe. Due to the incomplete reduction state of TiCxOy, the ΔGθ of TiCxOy is detected between TiC and TiO. TiCxOy could be attained under reduction conditions of Ti:C, 1:3 – 1:4 in argon atmosphere at 1550 °C after 2 h. Grinding, flotation and magnetic separation processes displayed that C, TiCxOy and Fe are not dissociated until the particle size of −38 μm. TiCxOy and Fe can be separated by an iron-bath in a high temperature. 95.56% TiCxOy can be obtained, and resistance of TiCxOy is less than 0.05 Ω.
... Titanium has the excellent physical and chemical properties of low density, high strength, good ductility, high melting point, and corrosion resistance. Therefore, it has a wide range of applications, including in the military, aerospace industry, automobiles, medicine, and refractory materials [1][2][3]. There are hundreds of titanium-containing minerals, but only ilmenite and rutile have economic benefits in industries [4]. ...
Pb²⁺, as an activator of ilmenite flotation, has been widely discussed and researched, but few reports exist about the activation of ilmenite by using Fe³⁺. In this research, the effect of Fe–BHA complexes (ferric chloride and benzohydroxamic acid) on the flotation of ilmenite was studied. The flotation results showed that the recovery of ilmenite in the presence of Fe–BHA complex was 46% higher than that when using BHA alone at pH 8. The results of zeta potential and adsorption tests showed that compared with BHA, Fe–BHA complexes could effectively promote the adsorption of BHA on ilmenite surface, which was beneficial to the upfloating of ilmenite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) tests showed that after the treatment with Fe–BHA complexes, the chemical shifts of Fe2p and Ti2p are 0.2 and 0.26 eV, respectively, which were significantly larger than 0.1 and 0.09 eV, respectively, after the treatment by using BHA. The XPS analysis revealed that Fe–BHA complexes may react with the hydroxylated ilmenite surface and form new chemical bonds, Ti–O–Fe and Fe–O–Fe. These results showed that the introduction of Fe–BHA complexes could effectively improve the floatability of ilmenite.
