Figure - available from: International Journal of Material Forming
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Optical images of second phase particles observed near the center of samples (a) HR, (b) C50, (c) C75, (d) C90, (e) C90A, (f) C95, (g) C95A and (h) sample C95A after Barker’s etching
Source publication
The determination of the role of second-phase particles on texture evolution is critical since on the one hand their distribution and size can be controlled through homogenization and on the other hand their presence affects the response of the final product. An effective design of the thermomechanical stages could provoke the creation of favorable...
Similar publications
The evolutions of microstructure and texture of ultra-thin high-grade non-oriented silicon steel for new energy vehicles were investigated in this paper, and the formation mechanism of typical recrystallized α*-fiber texture was described. The results show that: The microstructure of the hot rolled plate was inhomogeneous along the thickness direct...
Citations
... A better finish surface and final thickness will be achieved through the cold rolling [3,4]. The coarse particles (intermetallics) fragmentation is reported in the 3104 alloy during the cold rolling, ended up with the smaller particles [12]. ...
... The homogenization target was the formation of the dense dispersoid, which could be formed after the casting or after the cold rolling. This treatment can be carefully controlled to yield the dense fine dispersoids [5,12]. Then the impact of the different factors such as alloying elements (e.g., Mn and Mg) and dislocations on the dispersoid evolution is addressed. ...
... Besides, Due to the limited solubility of Mn and Fe in Al, these can potentially precipitate as finely distributed dispersoids when subjected to homogenization processes. It was reported that the homogenization of AA3104 alloy before hot rolling could significantly affect the microstructure [12]. Therefore, the size and number density of pre-existing dispersoids can be altered by different homogenization conditions [20]. ...
This study explores the potential of aluminum wine bottles as a sustainable alternative to traditional glass bottles, emphasizing their recyclability and environmental advantages. It reviews the potential use of Al-Mn-Mg 3xxx alloys in beverage can bodies and examines various applications of aluminum containers in packaging, including recyclable beverage containers. The manufacturing processes for aluminum bottles, including casting, rolling, punching, and deformation techniques, are discussed in detail, with a particular focus on their impact on mechanical properties and microstructure. The preference for 1xxx aluminum alloys in impact extrusion is explained, highlighting their lower flow stress and higher formability compared to 3xxx alloys, and the microstructural changes induced by various processing steps are analyzed. Challenges related to using recycled aluminum and their effects on mechanical properties and microstructure during aluminum bottle production are also addressed. One objective is to increase the proportion of recycled alloyed material used in aluminum bottle manufacturing. Depending on the technique employed, the fraction of alloyed recycled material can vary. The percentage of recycled alloyed material (3xxx series Al alloys) in cold backward impact extrusion could be raised by 60%. High-speed blow forming could facilitate the production of aluminum bottles with a recycled alloyed material ranging from 50 to 100% of the 3xxx series aluminum can body alloys. The high-speed drawing and ironing (DWI) process can produce large-format aluminum bottles (up to 750 mL), utilizing at least 90% of the recycled 3xxx series can body stock. Furthermore, the paper discusses the importance of optimized heat treatment designs in enhancing mechanical properties and controlling microstructural evolution in alloyed aluminum materials, such as 3xxx series alloys. The study concludes with a need for further research to deepen our understanding of the metallurgical aspects of aluminum bottle manufacturing and to optimize the use of recycled aluminum in packaging solutions, with a specific focus on improving mechanical properties and microstructural integrity. This comprehensive review aims to contribute to the development of more sustainable packaging practices in the beverage industry by providing insights into the interplay between manufacturing processes, mechanical properties, and microstructure of aluminum bottles.
... In this case, fine particles (e.g. nanoparticles) suppress PSN in the deformation zones [13]. Recently, the effect of SPPs on the recrystallization texture development has been extensively studied because of importance of recrystallization control by SPPs in industrial applications [14,15]. ...
In this study, microstructure, recrystallization texture, and mechanical properties of Al/WO3/SiC hybrid nanocomposite was investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), analysis of orientation distribution function (ODF), and uniaxial tensile test during accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process. Microstructural observations show that the recrystallized grains are elongated in the rolling direction (RD) due to the Zener-pinning of nanoparticles at high angle grain boundaries and therefore growth is inhibited in the normal direction (ND) during the ARB process. The ODF investigation confirmed that after 5 cycles of ARB process, recrystallization is associated with nucleation of Goss, Q, and P components. When the number of ARB cycle was increased, Goss and Q recrystallization textures were eliminated, but on the other hand, the P, B and B* texture components were strongly developed. The ND-Cube and RT-Goss recrystallization texture is also formed with low intensity at the last stages. Also, the A and A* shear textures which formed in the fifth cycle, shifted towards the Dillamor and Cu textures with increasing the number of ARB cycles. Furthermore, the samples were heated using DSC under Argon atmosphere with four different heating rates. The Kissinger, Ozawa, Boswell, and Starink methods were used to determine the recrystallization kinetics. It can be seen that recrystallization temperature and thereby activation energy (Ea) decreases with increasing the number of ARB cycles. Furthermore, the tensile strengths and elongation of the hybrid nanocomposite increased and decreased by increasing the number of ARB cycle and reached to a maximum value of 204.5Mpa and 6.1% at the end of 9th cycle, respectively.
... This is assisted by coalescence of voids formed and extended among coarse intermetallic particles and grain boundaries precipitation [12]. In another work, it has been shown that the load direction is important and transverse testing can reveal differences in formability more easily than longitudinal tests [13,14]. ...
As part of the present project, an inquiry is being conducted into the impact of the cooling rate subsequent to extrusion on both the mechanical characteristics and microstructure of 6061 alloy extruded profiles tailored for application in the automotive industry. Water quenching, air cooling, and step-cooling (combination of air cooling and water quenching) were performed after a solution heat treatment for simulating different cooling processes on the exit of the extrusion press. Microstructure examination was performed after artificial aging for every cooling method accompanied by three-point bending and tensile testing for investigation of differences in formability characteristics in each one of the three cases. Electron fractography, texture, and grain boundary misorientation analysis consisted the main analytical techniques, allowing the correlation between grains orientation resulting from the extrusion process with cracking initiation behavior in mechanical testing and for the determination of the regions which were more prone to cracking. From the examination, the positive role of rapid cooling for improved formability was highlighted. Through the grain boundary misorientation analysis and the formation of Taylor factor maps, it was shown that crack initiation preferably took place at subsurface regions even though “roughening” of the bent surface was obvious and expected to lead to crack initiation in the more ductile samples. Considerable amounts of LAGBs (Low Angle Grain Boundaries) (14.7%) and SGBs (Subgrain Boundaries) (4.5%) were detected in the sample which was subjected to step cooling accompanied by an outer and inner surface layers (surface zone) of 200–250 μm thicknesses exhibiting different orientations. The results of this project will be used for optimization of the automotive extruded profiles production process, ensuring improved mechanical performance and resistance to premature fracture.
The mechanical properties of rolled sheets are not solely determined by their grain structure but also by their substructure. However, the features that constitute the substructure undergo significant changes throughout the production process, necessitating meticulous high-magnification and high-resolution analysis to properly characterize them. In this study, an in-depth investigation of the substructural evolution of a cold-rolled AAA3104 sheet during recovery and recrystallization thermal treatments was undertaken, with the aim of shedding light on its interplay with the resulting r values and subgrain boundary properties. It was observed that optimal formability behavior is exhibited by the partially recrystallized sample (H28), which is marked by the presence of roughly 14% subgrain angle boundaries featuring 2°–5° of misorientation, and comparable recrystallization and deformation texture components. This insight opens up new avenues for improving the formability and mechanical properties of rolled sheets by considering substructural engineering as a vital component of the production process. Thus, this study findings highlight that finely tuned substructural modifications could greatly enhance the mechanical properties of rolled sheets, thereby enabling both material scientists and engineers to better tailor these materials for specific applications in a variety of industries.
Aluminium alloy 7005 is widely used for structural purposes because of its attractive properties such as good weldability and age-hardening capability. However, since the workability of this alloy falls after a short period of natural aging, the application of cold rolling for the production of strain-hardened sheets of this alloy is a challenge. Two solutions proposed to overcome this challenge are as follows: (a) immediate rolling of the alloy after solution treatment and (b) rolling of the alloy after artificial aging. However, there is no comprehensive study comparing the effect of pre-rolling aging treatments on the evolutions of microstructure and texture of the alloy through heavy cold rolling. This subject is the aim of the present study. For this purpose, different pieces of the alloy are subjected to three different heat treatments before rolling, and afterward, they are rolled to obtain a thickness reduction of 80%. Scanning electron microscopy with electron backscattered diffraction observations are applied to study the evolutions of the microstructure and the texture of the alloy. Results show that the progression of pre-rolling aging decreases the incidence of micro-scaled shear bands by rolling. In addition, the rolling texture intensity decreases with the advancement of pre-rolling aging. Mechanisms responsible for this effect are discussed.
