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![Operational geostationary imaging satellites (2020) form a "georing." [GOES, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite; No, number]](profile/Kimberly-Casey/publication/353342855/figure/fig14/AS:1047375506309130@1626725188401/Operational-geostationary-imaging-satellites-2020-form-a-georing-GOES.png)
Operational geostationary imaging satellites (2020) form a "georing." [GOES, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite; No, number]
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The Joint Agency Commercial Imagery Evaluation (JACIE) is a collaboration between five U.S. Federal agencies (NASA, NGA, USGS, NOAA, USDA) that are major users and producers of satellite land remote sensing data. In recent years, the JACIE group has observed ever-increasing numbers of remote sensing satellites being launched. This rapidly growing w...
Citations
... From the technical perspective, satellite remote sensing refers to the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring the reflection of energy (i.e., electromagnetic, and light) from space [15]. As all things on Earth either reflect, absorb, or transmit energy, sensors abroad satellites are able to collect and translate subtle changes in the energy signal to generate a wealth of data about Earth systems and features [16,17]. Most importantly, by applying interpretation techniques to extract meaningful information from various combinations of recording methods, satellite remote sensing is able to produce important forms of data evidence [18]. ...
... Such data can therefore, be utilized as evidence documenting the environmental status and conditions of a certain geographical region. For example, satellite technologies, such as the Orbita Video Satellite series developed by China's Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Company and France's Pleiades-1 can provide high-resolution imagery and video, enabling a detailed visual representation of the Earth's surface and effectively highlighting the environmental conditions and potential pollution sources [17]. The latter Pleiades-1 can also be used to trace illegal deforestation and the detection of water contamination [21]. ...
... The latter Pleiades-1 can also be used to trace illegal deforestation and the detection of water contamination [21]. Elsewhere, satellites like NASA's Landsat-8 and Europe's Copernicus Sentinel-2 have also been used by their respective governments to assist in environmental monitoring activities on land [17,18,22,23]. In addition to visual images, satellite systems can also generate other types of images such as infrared, multispectral, and hyperspectral images, which can also be used in the environmental context. ...
Despite international regulatory efforts, the marine areas beyond national jurisdiction continue to be subject to increasing levels of environmental stress and degradation from international shipping activities. Specifically, the absence of effective and enforceable mechanisms has both allowed and incentivized ocean-going vessels to skirt international regulations on ship source pollution, resulting in the dumping of pollutants such as oily bilge water on the high seas with relative impunity. One on-going technological development that has sparked hope for breaking this current status quo is satellite technologies. By utilizing a platform of sensors such as synthetic aperture radar and high-resolution video-imaging sensors, satellite systems are capable of providing and documenting real-time discharges of ship-source pollution within the high seas. While several states have incorporated emerging satellite technologies into their administrative and regulatory practices for maritime environmental protection, their adoption within the judiciary remains limited. This article therefore explores the current legal evidentiary challenges associated with the use of satellite images and data before the courts as evidence of marine pollution on the ABNJ and advocates two policy initiatives for the International Maritime Organization to support their judicial integration.
... Landsat was the earth's first multispectral land observation satellite, launched in 1972. Due to its longest time series and the series of multiple satellite sensor bands being relatively consistent with time continuity and comparability, Landsat is ideally suited for long time series analysis (Ramaseri Chandra et al., 2020;Ray et al., 2023). This study examined CBs in Xingyun Lake between 1990 and 2019 using Landsat TM, ETM, and OLI sensors. ...
Cyanobacterial blooms (CBs) are a growing concern for shallow plateau lakes, and numerous studies have investigated the relationship between CBs and meteorological factors. However, these studies have typically lacked comprehensive analyses and neglected the impact of lag effects. This study employed Landsat satellite imagery to extract CBs information from Xingyun Lake from 1990 to 2019 and conducted a lag correlation analysis between meteorological factors ranging from 1 to 30 days with a 1-day step and CBs. The result show that the Sunshine Duration displayed a negative correlation with CBs at an 8-day lag, but when Sunshine Duration was <6 h, it exhibited a positive relationship with CBs at a 1-day lag. And daytime precipitation had a more substantial positive link with CBs than nighttime precipitation at a lag of 13 days. The aforementioned conclusions deepen our comprehension of the meteorological forces that drive cyanobacterial blooms in plateau lakes. Moreover, the maximum and minimum wind velocities were negatively and positively associated with CBs with lags of 20 and 29 days, respectively. In addition, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure were positively associated with cyanobacterial blooms 13-19 days and 3 days after their onset, respectively. The relationship between air temperature and cyanobacterial blooms in Xingyun Lake was weak. Our research emphasizes the significance of incorporating delayed effects and refined meteorological factors for accurate cyanobacterial bloom forecasting.
... In particular, the Ice, Cloud and Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) is a space-based laser altimeter launched in September 2018 by NASA, designed for polar ice elevation and tree canopy measurements. The instrument splits its 532-nm wavelength laser into nine beams and samples approximately every 70 cm on the ground, a vertical resolution of 4 mm but with a swath of only 0.013 km (Ramaseri Chandra et al., 2020). This can be applied to measure bathymetry for a depth range of 0-45 m along beam tracks in coastal waters. ...
Low-lying coastal zones are home to around 10% of the world’s population and to many megacities. Coastal zones are largely vulnerable to the dynamics of natural and human-induced changes. Accurate large-scale measurements of key parameters, such as bathymetry, are needed to understand and predict coastal changes. However, nearly 50% of the world’s coastal waters remain unsurveyed and for a large number of coastal areas of interest, bathymetric information is unavailable or is often decades old. This lack of information is due to the high costs in time, money and safety involved in collecting these data using conventional echo sounder on ships or LiDAR on aircrafts. Europe is no exception, as European seas are not adequately surveyed according to the International Hydrographic Organisation. Bathymetry influences ocean waves and currents, thereby shaping sediment transport which may alter coastal morphology over time. This paper discusses state-of-the-art coastal bathymetry retrieval methods and data, user requirements and key drivers for many maritime sectors in Europe, including advances in Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB). By leveraging satellite constellations, cloud services and by combining complementary methods, SDB appears as an effective emerging tool with the best compromise in time, coverage and investment to map coastal bathymetry and its temporal evolution.
... Over the entire period about 1,000 launches of small satellites occurred, which was a lower than expected performance [6]. The reason of this delay is that communication satellites, the real potential market driver, require more extensive and careful preparation of their operations, than EO satellites; this is due to the higher rigidity of their service structure, requiring a more extended and careful preparation of the massive users' end. ...
A wave of small satellites massive constellations, in the range of hundreds of units each, is progressively populating the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with a low-price, and varied, offer of Telecom (speed band) and Earth Imaging services (Starlink, Planet, One Web, etc.). It is a market - driven trend based on new satellite interlocking technologies, which cut down the supplier costs of launch and in orbit operations compared to the traditional technology based on big (and much heavier) geostationary satellites operating at high altitudes. This is a disruptive phenomenon especially for the developing world, where such vital services have always been hard to access, and their use therefore remained scarce, not consolidated, or even completely missing. Among these, Emergency management is definitely crucial. The geographical focus of this study is Africa and it deals not only with Institutional PRS users but with a wider potential context (corporations, private subjects, etc.). It clearly appears that a general degree of “Country readiness” toward Space technology and organization is necessary for these initiatives to take place. This can be achieved through certified international cooperation. The authors then, based on an estimated demand Model for services with their relative pricing corresponding to a cost-designed constellation of small microsatellites, presented already, among other, at several International Astronautical Federation(IAF)Symposia on Space Economy, simulate the resulting type of services available: TLC by band types and relative upload and download rates, Earth imaging by refresh rates and optical quality and resolution, Ground segment configuration for signal backhauling and user terminal receiving.. This info isapplied to a specific African Country case (Nigeria) whose significance emerged over other Countries after the application of comparative grids. Finally, an insight on the specifically configuration of services for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNe) like management by local users, both maritime and land, with the relative costs, is offered. This is consequently left open for follow ups and discussion, due to the customer – design, project financing approaches of this Model programme.
Satellite imagery provides impartial, inclusive, and timely geospatial data regarding global issues, supplementing traditional ground-based methods. The volume, velocity, and variety of satellite imagery present novel capabilities to support the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals by providing repeatable data to assess progress and support reliable statistics connecting policy with evidence. Currently, the relationship between spatial resolution and accurate detection of sub-meter- to meter-scale objects supporting policy-making remains unexplored. This study investigates the resolution-performance trade-off by comparing results of object detection models and their implications for two sustainability-motivated use cases. These include vehicle detection, used to inform traffic flow and density for understanding infrastructure needs and lockdown policies, and solar panel detection, where accuracy is crucial in monitoring green energy production and sustainable energy access. The results show a largely linear degradation of object detection models using imagery at 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm resolutions simulated from 7 cm aerial imagery. Object detection models using 30 cm imagery improve F
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score by 65% compared to 60 cm models. Further investigation into a pre-processing step using 30 cm imagery to generate 15 cm imagery shows an average F
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score increase by 5% for detection of small objects across multiple use cases. The results and analysis provide a basis for more robust investigations into the capabilities of very high resolution satellite imagery to support the Sustainable Development Goals.
