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One of the most parsimonious trees of the Fusarium solani species complex inferred from the elongation factor 1-a (EF1-a) + RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) combined gene sequences. The dataset comprised 1,011 bp of aligned sequence data. The phylogram was rooted with Fusarium thapsinum NRRL22045. Bold lines indicate bootstrap values >70% based on 1,000 pseudoreplicates. CI, consistency index; PIC, parsimony informative; RI, retention index. * Lineage composed of F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae isolates from Spain (bootstrap 70.9%). ** Lineage clustering isolates from Spain and the U.S.A. (no bootstrap support).
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Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae (syn. Neocosmosporum cucurbitae) is one of the most devastating soilborne pathogens affecting the production of cucurbits worldwide. Since its first detection in Almería Province in Spain in the spring of 2007, it has become one of the main soilborne pathogens affecting zucchini production. It has also been reporte...
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... of 81%. The isolate PCl-25F2, isolated from pepper (Capsicum annuum), was clustered in the Fusarium striatum linage with 100% bootstrap value. The isolate PCl-25F4, obtained from orange tree roots, clustered with F. solani sensu stricto strains NRRL253888 and NRRL32737; bootstrap support was only observed for the combined EF1-a and RPB2 datasets (Fig. ...
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Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is one of the most important crops produced worldwide. This species is generally not very susceptible to fungal soilborne diseases, however, in the spring of 2007, a telluric disease causing wilt, chlorosis, crown necrosis, and finally the death of the plants was detected for the first time in the province of Almería. T...
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... The fungus germinates from chlamydospores in soil and penetrates the plant through wounded or unwounded seedling and colonizes the xylem. Despite its disease causing ability, recent literature has reported the potential of F. oxysporum for production of bioactive metabolites that has revealed promising activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens [10][11][12]. ...
The rise of microbial resistance and emerging infections pose significant health threats. Natural products from endophytic fungi offer a promising source of novel compounds with potential as major drug leads. This research aims to screen Myrtus communis and Moringa oleifera for endophytic fungi and screen their metabolites for antibacterial and antifungal potential. Six endophytic fungal strains were isolated using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The M. communis isolates were designated MC1, MC2, MC3, and the M. oleifera isolates were named MO1, MO2, MO3. Preliminary bioactivity testing revealed that the MC3 isolate exhibited significant growth inhibition against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus , Enterococcus faecalis , Bacillus subtilis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Escherichia coli , Candida albicans , and Candida glabrata . The MC3 isolate was identified as Fusarium oxysporum through morphological and microscopic methods. For metabolite production, the fungal strain was cultured in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium at 28 °C for 14 days in a shaking incubator. The metabolites were purified using various chromatographic techniques, HPLC and GC-MS. The GC-MS analysis of F. oxysporum revealed multiple compounds at different retention times using the NIST-20 Library. Based on RSI values and probability indices, two compounds were targeted for further purification. Structure elucidation was performed using 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments on a Varian 500 NMR machine. The compounds identified were Ethyl isoallocholate (C 26 H 44 O 5 , exact mass 436.32) and 1-Monolinoleoyl glycerol trimethylsilyl ether (C 27 H 56 O 4 Si 2 , exact mass 500.37). The MS (NIST-20) library facilitated the investigation of the insilico antimicrobial activity of these compounds against alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase and elastase virulence proteins of P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis . Aspartic protease from Candida albicans was used to evaluate the insilico antifungal potential. All ligands and proteins were docked using the Glide Induced Fit Docking (IFD) algorithm. The compounds showed binding scores of -7.7 and -7.9 Kcal mol ⁻¹ against alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, -7.3 and -6.5 Kcal mol ⁻¹ against elastase, and -7.6 and -7.2 Kcal mol ⁻¹ against aspartic protease. Invitro studies confirmed the inhibitory activity of these compounds against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis . Ethyl isoallocholate exhibited higher bioactivity against P. aeruginosa with inhibition rates of 41%, 27%, and 35% at concentrations of 1000, 500, and 250 μg mL ⁻¹ , respectively. These results suggest that bioactive compounds from F. oxysporum have potential as antimicrobial agents, warranting further research.
... Cucurbitae, was widespread within the United States during 2001 to 2003 [4]. The pathogen has also been determined as the first reported fungal disease affecting cucurbits production in the Almerίa province of Spain [5] and in Arkansas state in the United States [6]. Recently, some studies have investigated fungal diseases on plants in the Cucurbitaceae family including fruit rot of melon caused by Fusarium asiaticum [7]; Cucurbitaceae root rot caused by F. solani in Zhejiang Province in China [8]; a gene from F. oxysporum f. sp. ...
... The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of isolates was amplified by using the primer ITS1(5 -TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3 ) and ITS4 (5 -TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3 ). The part of the translation gene (TEF-1α) and the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2) were amplified by using the primers EF1 (5 -ATGGGTAAGGAGGACA AGAC-3 ) and EF2 (5 -GGAAGTACCAGTGATCATGTT-3 ) and using the primers 5f2 (5 -GGGGWGAYCAGAAGAAGGC-3 ) and 7cr (5 -CCCATRGCTTGTYYRCCCAT-3 ), respectively, under the PCR reaction conditions described previously [5]. 2× EasyTaq ® PCR SuperMix (TransGen) was applied and the PCR reaction mix was assembled into 50 µL volume. ...
... Pathogenicity tests were performed twice independently to evaluate the pathogenicity of the isolate on zucchini fruits. The 'Jindi 1' fruit were washed under running water, their surfaces were disinfected by spraying them with 75% ethanol 3 times, and each treatment was about 5 min [5]. Six wounds (approximately 1-2 mm deep) were made with a sterile 5 mm diameter cork borer on the exocarp. ...
Fruit rot is one of the major diseases impacting the production and quality of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). In August 2021, fruit rot symptoms were observed on the zucchini fruit ‘Jindi 1’ in the Wuyuan region in Inner Mongolia, China with an incidence ranging from 10% to 30%. Where the pepo was in contact with the soil, dark grey and spongy corky lesions 4–5 cm in diameter with a light brown halo were observed. The internal necrosis of the fruit rind was also recorded. From the affected fruits, fungal colonies belonging to the Fusarium species were exclusively isolated. Molecular analysis of the ITS, TEF-1α, and RPB2 sequences identified the isolates as Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae. Inoculated on ‘Jindi 1’, the strain Fx-1a induced typical fruit rot on the pepo and wilting on seedlings, while negative-controls remained asymptomatic. The impact of this disease on seed quality and yield in zucchini seed production needs to be further studied.
... cucurbitae has a host specificity for cucurbits and caused an outbreak of Fusarium foot and fruit rot of pumpkin within the United States [7]. The pathogen has also been reported as a new fungal disease affecting cucurbits production in Almerίa province of Spain [8] and in Arkansas [9]. However, there are few researches about the occurrence of the disease caused by Fusarium spp. in zucchini in China. ...
... Genomic DNA was extracted using the EasyPure@ Genomic DNA Kit (TransGen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR amplifications of the isolates were performed for part of the translation (TEF1-α) using the primers EF1 and EF2 and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) using the primers 5f2 and 7cr under the PCR reaction conditions described previous [8]. The amplicons were Sanger sequenced at BGI Tech Solutions (Beijing Liuhe) CO., LIMITED, China. ...
... Fruits were washed under running water, disinfected with 75% ethanol for 3 times and six wounds (approximately 1-2 mm deep) were made with a sterile 5-mm-diameter cork borer 3 in the fruit surface. Four mycelial plugs (5 mm) cut from the margin of 8-day-old culture on PDA plate were placed mycelium side down into the wounds and two plain PDA plugs were inoculated as controls [8,11]. For testing if the isolate is pathogenic to the zucchini plant [8], zucchini seedling at the first true leaf stage grown in a pot (10.5 cm×8.8 cm) was inoculated with a soil drench [12]. ...
Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an important crash crop for producing seeds in Inner Mongolia, China. In August 2021, the harvest season of seed-producing zucchini, fruit rot symptom (cv. Jindi No.1) was found in the Wuyuan region. The incidence of infected fruits of zucchini ranged from 10% to 30% and symptom consisted in 4 to 5 cm diameter lesions where the fruit was in contact with the soil. Ten isolations from six symptomatic fruits were preliminary classified as Fusarium species based on its morphological characters in potato dextrose agar. Phylogenetic tree was constructed by concatenating TEF-1α and RPB2 gene and exhibited the isolates clustered together with the Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae sequences. Pathogenicity tests revealed that two isolates caused over 3 cm diameter lesions on the fruits while negative-controls remained asymptomatic. The colonies reisolated from the leasions were morphologically identical to the original isolates, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Results demonstrated that F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae was the causal agent of fruit rot observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fruit rot of seed-producing zucchini caused by F. solani f. sp. cucurbitae in Inner Mongolia, China.
... Lebanon exports part of its production to other Middle Eastern countries and Arab Gulf states [1]. death syndrome, bean root rot, and multiple vegetable diseases [28,29]. In addition, some members of the FSSC can be involved in human and animal infections. ...
Lebanon is a small Mediterranean country with different pedoclimatic conditions that allow the growth of both temperate and tropical plants. Currently, few studies are available on the occurrence and diversity of Fusarium species on Lebanese crops. A wide population of Fusarium strains was isolated from different symptomatic plants in the last 10 years. In the present investigation, a set of 134 representative strains were molecularly identified by sequencing the translation elongation factor, used in Fusarium as a barcoding gene. Great variability was observed, since the strains were grouped into nine different Fusarium Species Complexes (SCs). Fusarium oxysporum SC and Fusarium solani SC were the most frequent (53% and 24%, respectively). Members of important mycotoxigenic SCs were also detected: F. fujikuroi SC (7%), F. sambucinum SC (5%), F. incarnatum-equiseti SC (3%), and F. tricinctum SC (4%). Two strains belonging to F. lateritium SC, a single strain belonging to F. burgessii SC, and a single strain belonging to F. redolens SC were also detected. This paper reports, for the first time, the occurrence of several Fusarium species on Lebanese host plants. The clear picture of the Fusarium species distribution provided in this study can pose a basis for both a better understanding of the potential phytopathological and toxicological risks and planning future Fusarium management strategies in Lebanon.
... These isolates showed similar morphology and pathogenicity; in addition, their DNA could be amplified using specific primers. F. petroliphilum is a common pathogen causing fruit rot in cucurbits worldwide(Pérez-Hernández et al., 2020). Our results indicated that F. petroliphilum caused fruit rot in Taiwan, especially in isolates from pumpkin. ...
Four members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), F. cucurbiticola, F. petroliphilum, F. falciforme and F. keratoplasticum, cause foot, crown, stem and fruit rot in cucurbits. Although previous studies revealed that F. cucurbiticola was the pathogen causing crown and fruit rot in Taiwan melons, these are unreliable in assessing FSSC infection in cucurbits in Taiwan. We collected 47 FSSC isolates from the stem or fruit rot of bitter gourd, cucumber, luffa, melon and pumpkin, and three FSSC isolates from pumpkin seeds. Eleven pumpkin fruit rot isolates and two pumpkin seed isolates could not infect cucurbit seedlings. Luffa seedlings were tolerant to most FSSC isolates. None of the FSSC isolates could infect cucumber fruits and showed variable virulence in different cucurbit fruits. In addition, only certain FSSC isolates could be amplified by specific primers for F. cucurbiticola and F. petroliphilum. Multilocus sequence typing analyses separated FSSC isolates from the stem or fruit rot or seeds into three molecular groups with high bootstrap values: Group I isolates were F. petroliphilum (FSSC1), Group II isolates were F. solani‐melongenae (FSSC 21) and Group III isolates were F. falciforme (FSSC 3+4). The FSSC isolates amplified by specific primers for race 2 belonged to F. petroliphilum; however, the FSSC isolates amplified by specific primers for race 1 were not F. cucurbiticola. To our knowledge, the three species of the FSSC are novel causative agents in Taiwan.
... F. solani is an important plant pathogen and soil saprophyte causing vascular wilt and root rot in many agroeconomic crops as well as animal organisms (Kriaa et al., 2015;Pérez-Hernández et al., 2020). To date, many chemical and biological treatment strategies such as fungicide-based applications, soil solarization, and biosolarization have been tried to eradicate this pathogen (Pérez-Hernández et al., 2014). ...
Propolis is a natural by-product created by honey bees and has been widely tested against various fungal pathogens causing damage to
agricultural products. The diluent used in the extraction of propolis causes differences in the total phenolic compounds and
antimicrobial properties of propolis. Fusarium solani is infectious to many cultivated plants, resulting in significant crop losses. In
most plants, it leads to rot, wilt and necrotic spots and eventual plant death.
In this study, the antifungal effect against F. solani of propolis collected from Bingöl province of Turkey was evaluated using a total of
9 groups of applications. In order to determine the differences between preparations and the critical dose levels, 3 different
preparations (Ethanol, (Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and pure propolis purified by supercritical fluid extraction method) were applied
in 3 different concentrations (100µl, 200µl, and 600µl) in PDA medium.
The statistical results of the study showed that pure extracts of propolis are more effective at increasing doses (around 30 mm for 600
µl) against the mycelial growth of pathogen. Furthermore, ethanol extracts of propolis showed a moderate antifungal effect (around 33
mm for 600 µl), while the DMSO extracts were less effective (around 58 mm for 600 µl). This study is the first report showing the
fungicidal activity of pure propolis purified by the SFE method against F. solani. The results of this study may shed light on the
development of drug-based strategies against various fungal-borne phytopathogens in the future studies.
Keywords: F. solani, DMSO, ethanol, pure propolis, Turkey, antifungal activity
... Bien que F. oxysporum ne soit pas considéré comme une espèce productrice de mycotoxines importante, il s'agit d'un complexe d'espèces diversifié et a été signalé comme produisant une série de mycotoxines, y compris des enniatines (Tableau 3), de l'acide fusarique et de la moniliformine, mais pas des TRI, des FUM, des ZEA, des FUS, de la fusarochromanone ou des FUP (Desjardins, 2006). Un isolat de F. oxysporum provenant de Corée a été signalée comme produisant des fumonisines de série C, mais pas de série B, et son identification a été confirmée (Proctor, 2013 (Aoki et al., 2004;Pérez-Hernández et al., 2020). Cependant, les membres du complexe F. solani ne sont pas considérés comme des contributeurs significatifs à la contamination des cultures par les mycotoxines (Coleman, 2016;Desjardins,2006). ...
In heel Noord-Afrika wordt op grote schaal dadelpalmen gekweekt. In Tunesië neemt de dadelpalm een strategische plaats in de sociaal-economische stabiliteit van semi-aride en aride gebieden. Ver-scheidene biotische en abiotische factoren kunnen de dadelpalmteelt in gevaar brengen. In 2017 observeerden we uitgebreide symptomen van plotselinge achteruitgang, bladverwelking en bladvlek-ken op dadelpalmen in zuidelijk Tunesië. Fusarium was het meest waargenomen schimmel geslacht. De sequenties van TEF1, Calm1 en RPB2 werden gebruikt om de Fusarium stammen te identifice-ren. De voornaamste gedetecteerde soort was F. proliferatum, en in veel mindere mate F. brachygib-bosum, F. caatingaense, F. clavum, F. incarnatum, en F. solani. Alle Fusarium soorten waren patho-geen en voldeden aan Koch's postulaten. De F. proliferatum stammen produceerden vooral fumo-nisinen (FB's), beauvericine (BEA), en, in mindere mate, enniatinen (ENN's) en moniliformine (MON). Alle F. brachygibbosum stammen produceerden lage gehalten BEA, diacetoxyscirpenol, en neosolaniol; twee stammen produceerden ook T-2 toxine, en een enkele stam HT-2 toxine. Fusarium caatingaense, F. clavum en F. incarnatum produceerden alleen BEA. De F. solani stammen produceerden MON, BEA, en ENNs. Voor het derde syndroom, bladvlekken, worden Alternaria soorten worden echter gerapporteerd als de meest frequente ziekteverwekkers. Vijftig stammen werden geïsoleerd en geïdentificeerd als Alternaria en Curvularia. Door sequentie-bepaling van de allergen-alt-1a, GPD en calm1 genen konden we 35 stammen, geïdentificeerd als A. arborescens, A. tenuissima en A.alternata soorten, en 10 stammen, geïdentificeerd als A. consortialis. Op basis van de analyse van de seqentie van de gecombineerde Internal Transcribed Spacer, GPD en Elongation factor, werden alle 5 Curvularia stammen geïdentificeerd als C. spicifera. Alle Alternaria en Curvularia soorten die op dadelpalm plantjes getest werden, bleken pathogeen te zijn, en voldeden aan Koch's postulaten. Het vermogen om in vitro mycotoxinen te produceren werd geanalyseerd. Geen van de A. consortialis stammen produceerde enig mycotoxine, terwijl meer dan 80% van de stammen uit de Alternaria sectie zeer wisselende hoeveelheden van meerdere mycotoxi-nen produceerde, zoals AOH, AME, TEN en TA. Bovendien produceerde 40% van de stammen van de Alternaria sectie ook ALT. We testten ook de productie van FB's. Enkel de C. spicifera stammen vertoonden het vermogen fumonisinen te produceren. Dit werk rapporteert voor het eerst een uitgebreide multidisciplinaire studie van schimmel pathogene soorten die in verband gebracht worden met sudden decline disease, bladverwelking en bladvlekken op dadelpalmen, waarbij zowel fytopathologische als voedselveiligheids kwesties aan de orde komen. De gevoeligheid van de isolaten voor zeven fungiciden werd geëvalueerd zowel in in vitro proeven als in het veld. In vitro bleken de contactfungiciden uitstekend te werken. Van de doordringende fungiciden vertoonde Luna Experience een hogere werkzaamheid tegen Fusarium soorten om de myceliumgroei te remmen. Ook vertoonde het een vergelijkbaar effect tegen Alternaria en Curvula-ria soorten. Wat contactfungiciden betreft, werd de beste remming gerapporteerd voor Biobac WP. En het derde fungicide dat een uitstekende werking tegen Alternaria vertoonde was Carial Top. Een veldproef met deze drie beste fungiciden tegen dadelpalm bladziekte veroorzaakt door A. arbores-cens, bevestigde hun werkzaamheid
... For each experiment, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess whether the fungal inoculation treatments were associated with differences in symptom severity of the stems, crowns, or roots. Significant differences between fungal treatments were based on P values associated with the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum statistic (H) estimated by a v 2 distribution, followed by a Dunn pairwise comparison post hoc test via the 'dunnTest' function in the FSA package (Ogle et al. 2016). ...
Winter squash (Cucurbita maxima cv. ‘Golden Delicious’) produced in Oregon’s Willamette Valley for edible seed production has experienced significant yield losses due to a soilborne disease. The symptoms associated with this disease problem include root rot, crown rot and vascular discoloration in the stems leading to a severe late season wilt and plant collapse. Through field surveys, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. culmorum-like fungi, Plectosphaerella cucumerina, and Setophoma terrestris were identified to be associated with diseased tissues, and each produced symptoms of root rot, crown rot or stem discoloration in preliminary pathogenicity trials. In this study, 219 isolates of these species were characterized by molecular identity analyses using BLAST of the ITS and EF1α genomic regions and by pathogenicity testing in outdoor, large-container trials. Molecular identity analyses confirmed the identity of isolates at 99 to 100% similarity to reference isolates in the database. In pathogenicity experiments, F. solani produced the most severe symptoms, followed by F. culmorum-like fungi, F. oxysporum, P. cucumerina, and S. terrestris. Some treatments of mixed species inoculum produced symptoms above what was expected from individual species. In particular, the mixture of F. culmorum-like fungi, F. oxysporum, and P. cucumerina and the mixture of F. culmorum-like fungi, F. solani, and S. terrestris had equally severe symptom ratings than that of F. solani by itself. Results indicate that this soilborne disease is primarily caused by Fusarium solani, but interactions among the complex of F. solani, F. culmorum-like fungi, F. oxysporum, and P. cucumerina, can exacerbate disease severity.
A new emerging disease of quinoa, quinoa basal stem rot (QBSR), has been recorded in Shanxi Province, China. Observed during the inflorescence emergence stage, the pathogen causes wilting, foliar chlorosis, leaf abscission and eventual death of quinoa. In this study, isolates were identified as Fusarium solani using morphology, molecular and phylogenetic analysis (using sequences of calmodulin, rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, RNA polymerase II B‐subunits RPB1 RPB1 and RPB2 RPB2 , and translation elongation factor 1‐α), and pathogenicity analysis. Twenty‐seven isolates were classified into two different groups according to their morphological characteristics, and the mycelial growth rate of Group 2 was higher than that of Group 1 on six different media. The optimum growth temperature for both groups was 30°C and the highest mycelial growth rates were 9.2 and 10.0 mm/day, for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The sporodochial conidia (SC) and aerial conidia (AC) germinated normally at 15–25°C and 10–40°C, respectively, and the width of SC and AC germ tubes were 1.4 and 2.2 μm. The lethal temperature for AC was 51°C for 20 min, and SC stopped germinating at 45°C. Pathogenicity tests of representative isolates showed that mycelia or conidia caused typical symptoms of QBSR on wounded basal stems of Chenopodium quinoa at 6 days postinoculation. The optimum temperature for the onset of QBSR was 30°C for both groups of isolates, and lesion lengths ranged from 5.4 to 5.9 cm. Knowledge of this pathogen will provide useful information for effective disease management to prevent its spread.
