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One of six most parsimonious (MP) trees resulting from combined nuclear 28S and 18S rDNA analyses. The same topology was achieved with maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses produced by the quartet puzzling method. Thickened branches indicate nodes statistically supported by both methods (i.e., by bootstrap replicates for MP and quartet puzzling reliability values); numbers above branches are bootstrapping/quartet puzzling values
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Nine species of rust fungi (Uredinales) were found during a 1-day field study in an Acacia koa–Metrosideros polymorpha woodland in Volcanoes National Park on Big Island, Hawaii. Two species, both found on Acacia koa, are native (endemic) rusts whereas 7 species are nonnative on nonnative hosts, highlighting the high proportion of introduced
species...
Citations
... At least 90 species of rust fungi have been described from endemic and native hosts in the Hawaiian Islands, with a large percentage apparently introduced [15][16][17]. Nonetheless, for 200 years, Hawaii remained one of the last coffee-growing regions free of CLR [12,14], thanks in part to its geographical isolation and strict plant importation regulations. The absence of CLR in Hawaii changed when spores of H. vastatrix were detected in spore traps in Hanaula, Maui, in February 2020 (Keith, pers. ...
Hawaii has long been one of the last coffee-producing regions of the world free of coffee leaf rust (CLR) disease, which is caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix. However, CLR was detected in coffee farms and feral coffee on the island of Maui in February 2020 and subsequently on other islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. The source of the outbreak in Hawaii is not known, and CLR could have entered Hawaii from more than 50 coffee-producing nations that harbor the pathogen. To determine the source(s) of the Hawaii inoculum, we analyzed a set of eleven simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) generated from Hawaii isolates within a dataset of 434 CLR isolates collected from 17 countries spanning both old and new world populations, and then conducted a minimum spanning network (MSN) analysis to trace the most likely pathway that H. vastatrix could have taken to Hawaii. Forty-two multilocus genotypes (MLGs) of H. vastatrix were found in the global dataset, with all isolates from Hawaii assignable to MLG 10 or derived from it. MLG 10 is widespread in Central America and Jamaica, making this region the most probable source of inoculum for the outbreak in Hawaii. An examination of global weather patterns during the months preceding the introduction of CLR makes it unlikely that the pathogen was windborne to the islands. Likely scenarios for the introduction of CLR to Hawaii are the accidental introduction of spores or infected plant material by travelers or seasonal workers, or improperly fumigated coffee shipments originating from Central America or the Caribbean islands.
... Gardner, E. hawaiiense Hodges & D.E. Gardner and E. koae (Arthur) Scholler and Aime, (2006), there has never been a study on endophytic fungi of these trees in the areas where they occur naturally. ...
Acacia koa and A. heterophylla are commonly occurring native trees on the Hawaiian Islands and La Réunion, respectively. A recent phylogenetic study suggested that A. heterophylla renders A. koa paraphyletic, and that the former likely arose from the Hawaiian Islands around 1.4 million years ago. An intriguing question is whether their microbiota is similar, although they occur naturally in two very distant geographical locations. In this study, we compared the fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae isolated from natural populations of A. koa and A. heterophylla. These fungi were chosen because they commonly occur on woody plants and some are important pathogens. They are also known to have been moved globally on asymptomatic plant materials. Isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data for the rDNA-ITS, TEF1-α and β-tubulin loci. Ten Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified, of which four species were specific to A. koa from the Hawaiian Islands and five to A. heterophylla in La Réunion. Only one species, Neofusicoccumparvum, which is known to have a wide global distribution, was common to both hosts. The overall results of this study suggest that although A. koa and A.heterophylla share a recent evolutionary history, they have established independent microbiota, at least in terms of the Botryosphaeriaceae.
... R. echinata var. ectypa on Calliandra formosa, DQ323925 and R. havanensis on Enterolobium contortisiliquum DQ354557)(Scholler andAime 2006, Aime 2006). A second clade, based on sequences obtained from Ravenelia species on Senegalia spp. with paleotropical origin, appeared only distantly related to the former species cluster (MLBS/MPBS = 100/99)(Figure 1). ...
Two new rust species, Raveneliapiepenbringiae and R.hernandezii (Pucciniales) on Senegalia spp. (Fabaceae) are described from the Neotropics (Panama, Costa Rica). A key to the species on neotropical Senegalia spp. is provided. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on 28S rDNA sequence data suggest that the representatives of Senegalia rusts distributed in the neotropics evolved independently from species known from South Africa. This is further supported by the teliospore morphology, which is characterised by uniseriate cysts in the neotropical Senegalia rusts and contrasting multiseriate cysts in the paleotropic Ravenelia species that infect this host genus.
... Phytoparasitic neomycetes have the potential to cause great losses across the world via infestation of crops, ornamental plants and native flora (Scholler and Aime 2006). Introduction of alien phytoparasitic fungi also has ecological consequences which have been little investigated (Scholler 1999). ...
Pucciniamodiolae , a rust fungus pathogen of Carolina bristlemallow, Modiolacaroliniana (Malvaceae), is newly reported from North America, appears to be well established along the Gulf coast and is likely to have been introduced from South America. Its taxonomy, distribution and natural host range are discussed and a lectotype designated for this species. Malvasylvestris and Alcearosea are reported as new hosts for the rust. Additional new records for Malvaceae rusts are made for P.modiolae on Alcearosea from Brazil, P.heterospora on Herissantiacrispa in Florida and P.heterogenea on Malva sp. in Peru. Finally, an identification key for the microcyclic Puccinia species on members of Malvaceae in North America is provided.
... genome, the small quantities of rust DNA in a typical extraction are not as limiting when working with these loci. The LSU and SSU regions are most often used in phylogenetic studies at the infrageneric and infrafamilial level in rust fungi (Aime, 2006;Beenken, 2017;Maier et al., 2003;Scholler & Aime, 2006;Wingfield, Ericson, Szaro, & Burdon, 2004;Yun, Minnis, Kim, Castlebury, & Aime, 2011), whereas ITS, discussed in more detail later, is more often employed for delimitation of closely related species or species complexes (e.g., Alaei et al., 2009;Barilli, Satovic, Sillero, Rubiales, & Torres, 2010). None of the rDNA regions have yet provided robust resolution of deeper, e.g., interfamilial, phylogenetic nodes. ...
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the most speciose and the most complex group of plant pathogens. Historically, rust taxonomy was largely influenced by host and phenotypic characters, which are potentially plastic. Molecular systematic studies suggest that the extant diversity of this group was largely shaped by host jumps and subsequent shifts. However, it has been challenging to reconstruct the evolutionary history for the order, especially at deeper (family-level) nodes. Phylogenomics offer a potentially powerful tool to reconstruct the Pucciniales tree of life, although researchers working at this vanguard still face unprecedented challenges working with nonculturable organisms that possess some of the largest and most repetitive genomes now known in kingdom fungi. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current status and special challenges of rust genomics, and we highlight how phylogenomics may provide new perspectives and answer long-standing questions regarding the biology of rust fungi.
... genome, the small quantities of rust DNA in a typical extraction are not as limiting when working with these loci. The LSU and SSU regions are most often used in phylogenetic studies at the infrageneric and infrafamilial level in rust fungi (Aime, 2006;Beenken, 2017;Maier et al., 2003;Scholler & Aime, 2006;Wingfield, Ericson, Szaro, & Burdon, 2004;Yun, Minnis, Kim, Castlebury, & Aime, 2011), whereas ITS, discussed in more detail later, is more often employed for delimitation of closely related species or species complexes (e.g., Alaei et al., 2009;Barilli, Satovic, Sillero, Rubiales, & Torres, 2010). None of the rDNA regions have yet provided robust resolution of deeper, e.g., interfamilial, phylogenetic nodes. ...
Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the most speciose and the most complex group of plant pathogens. Historically, rust taxonomy was largely influenced by host and phenotypic characters, which are potentially plastic. Molecular systematic studies suggest that the extant diversity of this group was largely shaped by host jumps and subsequent shifts. However, it has been challenging to reconstruct the evolutionary history for the order, especially at deeper (family-level) nodes. Phylogenomics offer a potentially powerful tool to reconstruct the Pucciniales tree of life, although researchers working at this vanguard still face unprecedented challenges working with nonculturable organisms that possess some of the largest and most repetitive genomes now known in kingdom fungi. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current status and special challenges of rust genomics, and we highlight how phylogenomics may provide new perspectives and answer long-standing questions regarding the biology of rust fungi.
... Measurements were made digitally from photographed spores. All previous taxonomic studies of Endoraecium have adopted an ontogenic approach to spore classification (Hodges & Gardner 1984, Walker 2001, Scholler & Aime 2006, Berndt 2011 in some cases teliospores, are often indistinguishable with this approach. For this reason, we used a morphological approach to classify spores (Laundon 1967), which recognises urediniospores of Endoraecium as spores with reticulate ornamentation, pedicels and germ pores. ...
Endoraecium is a genus of rust fungi that infects several species of Acacia in Australia, South-East Asia and Hawaii. This study investigated the systematics of Endoraecium from 55 specimens in Australia based on a combined morphological and molecular approach. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on partitioned datasets of loci from ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA. The recovered molecular phylogeny supported a recently published taxonomy based on morphology and host range that divided Endoraecium digitatum into five species. Spore morphology is synapomorphic and there is evidence Endoraecium co-evolved with its Acacia hosts. The broad host ranges of E. digitatum, E. parvum, E. phyllodiorum and E. violae-faustiae are revised in light of this study, and nine new species of Endoraecium are described from Australia based on host taxonomy, morphology and phylogenetic concordance.
... McAlpine (1906) treated ten genera in the Rusts of Australia, and this number has more than tripled since his revision. McAlpine (1906) included several taxa that were later combined into new genera, such as Ceratocoma (Cronartium) jacksoniae (Cummins & Hiratsuka 2003), Endoraecium (Uromyces) digitatum (Scholler & Aime 2006), Hamaspora (Phragmidium) acutissima (as longissima), Tranzschelia (Puccinia) discolor and Skierka (Uromyces) diploglottidis. There are several additional genera that have been reported from Australia: Atelocauda (Walker 2001), Bibulocystis (Walker et al. 2006), Cerotelium (Simmonds 1966), Coleosporium (Anon. ...
Interactive identification keys for Australian smut fungi (Ustilaginomycotina and Pucciniomycotina, Microbotryales) and rust fungi (Pucciniomycotina, Pucciniales) are available online at http://collections.daff.qld.gov.au. The keys were built using
Lucid software, and facilitate the identification of all known Australian smut fungi (317 species in 37 genera) and 100 rust fungi (from approximately 360 species in 37 genera). The smut and rust keys are illustrated with over 1,600 and 570 images respectively. The keys are designed to assist
a wide range of end-users including mycologists, plant health diagnosticians, biosecurity scientists, plant pathologists, and university students. The keys are dynamic and will be regularly updated to include taxonomic changes and incorporate new detections, taxa, distributions and images.
Researchers working with Australian smut and rust fungi are encouraged to participate in the ongoing development and improvement of these keys.
... Additionally, all sequences that showed a similarity of greater than 89 % in a BLAST search using the Psychotria rust sequences, were added. GenBank accession numbers of the sequences used (Aime 2006;Aime et al. 2007;Alaei et al. 2012; Barnes and Szabo 2007;Beenken et al. 2012;Berres et al. 1995;Blomquist et al. 2009;Chung et al. 2004;Deadman et al. 2011;Dervis et al. 2010;Feau et al. 2011;Henk and Vilgalys 2007;Hernández et al. 2004;Lutz et al. 2004b;Maier et al. 2003Maier et al. , 2007Scholler and Aime 2006;Yun et al. 2011;Zuluaga et al. 2011) are given in Fig. 5. ...
The morphology of the type specimen of Stomatisora geophilicola, the only species of the genus Stomatisora (Pucciniales) recognised till now, was restudied. Thin-walled probasidia (teliospores) develop exclusively in substomatal chambers, and mature metabasidia emerge through the stomata and develop suprastomatally. Uredinia are erumpent through the upper epidermis. A new species, S. psychotriicola, parasitizing Psychotria capensis (Rubiaceae) from South Africa, is described and illustrated. Only telia have been found which also develop in stomatal cavities, and, as in the type species, have partly repetitive probasidia and suprastomatal metabasidia that easily detach from fragile stalks. The similarities of telial morphology, as well as the same host family, indicate a close relationship and a generic separation from other rust genera. Molecular data support this interpretation and a possible relationship within a phakopsoroid clade.
... Albeit some exceptional cases [22,23], it is generally believed that tropical forests have higher fungal diversity [6,24]. Therefore, the tropical forests can be used as a reference to compare with other ecosystems in order to identify new biodiversity hotspots and set research priorities. ...
Most of fungal biodiversity on Earth remains unknown especially in the unexplored habitats. In this study, we compared fungi associated with grass (Poaceae) roots from two ecosystems: the temperate pine barrens in New Jersey, USA and tropical rain forests in Yunnan, China, using the same sampling, isolation and species identification methods. A total of 426 fungal isolates were obtained from 1600 root segments from 80 grass samples. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and morphological characteristics, a total of 85 fungal species (OTUs) belonging in 45 genera, 23 families, 16 orders, and 6 classes were identified, among which the pine barrens had 38 and Yunnan had 56 species, with only 9 species in common. The finding that grass roots in the tropical forests harbor higher fungal species diversity supports that tropical forests are fungal biodiversity hotspots. Sordariomycetes was dominant in both places but more Leotiomycetes were found in the pine barrens than Yunnan, which may play a role in the acidic and oligotrophic pine barrens ecosystem. Equal number of undescribed fungal species were discovered from the two sampled ecosystems, although the tropical Yunnan had more known fungal species. Pine barrens is a unique, unexplored ecosystem. Our finding suggests that sampling plants in such unexplored habitats will uncover novel fungi and that grass roots in pine barrens are one of the major reservoirs of novel fungi with about 47% being undescribed species.
