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One of 795 most parsimonious trees obtained from combined ITS and EF1- α sequence data. MP bootstrap values are given based on 1000 pseudoreplicates on the nodes. The tree is rooted to Neofusicoccum luteum (CBS 110299, CBS 110497). The bar represents 10 changes. Species characterized in this study and ex-type strains are in bold typeface.
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A large collection of Botryosphaeriaceae isolates obtained from fruit and forest trees with fruit rot, canker and dieback disease symptoms in northern provinces of Iran were examined in this study. Based on morphology and sequence data (ITS and EF1-α), two species, Diplodia mutila and Spencermartinsia viticola are illustrated and described as new r...
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... was performed using the heuristic search option with 1000 random taxon additions and tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) as the branch- swapping algorithm. All characters were unordered and of equal weight and gaps were treated as missing data. Branches of zero length were collapsed and all multiple, equally parsimonious trees were saved. The robustness of the most parsimonious trees was evaluated by 1000 bootstrap replications (Hillis & Bull 1993). Other measures used were consistency index (CI), retention index (RI) and homoplasy index (HI). A partition homogeneity test was done to determine the possibility of combining the ITS and EF1- α datasets (Farris et al. 1995, Huelsenbeck et al. 1996). A partition homogeneity test in PAUP was not significant (P = 0.46) indicating that the individual datasets were congruent and produced trees with the same topology. Therefore the two datasets were combined in a single analysis. The ITS and EF1- α sequences for the 7 isolates studied were combined and aligned with 47 sequences of 25 taxa. The combined dataset after alignment consisted of 1086 characters including alignment gaps, of which 607 were constant, 140 were excluded and 14 were variable and parsimony-uninformative. Maximum parsimony analysis of the remaining 325 parsimony- informative characters resulted in 795 most parsimonious trees of 529 steps (HI = 0.22, RI=0.95, CI=0.78). NJ analysis resulted in a tree with the same topology as the MP tree. One of the 795 MP trees is shown with bootstrap values of MP on the nodes (Fig. 1). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our isolates were resided in two genera in three distinct clades representatives of three different species; Diplodia mutila , D. sapinea (morphotype A) and Spencermartinsia viticola . Of these, D. mutila and S. viticola are new records for mycobiota of Iran. Although in a morphological study D. mutila has previously been reported from Iran (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2007), but it was actually a misidentification and all of those isolates phylogenetically were later characterized as a new species named Phaeobotryon cupressi (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009). Furthermore, D. sapinea morphotype A is determined in this ...
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... and parsimony-uninformative. Maximum parsimony analysis of the remaining 325 parsimony- informative characters resulted in 795 most parsimonious trees of 529 steps (HI = 0.22, RI=0.95, CI = 0.78). NJ analysis resulted in a tree with the same topology as the MP tree. One of the 795 MP trees is shown with bootstrap values of MP on the nodes (Fig. 1). According to the phylogenetic analyses, our isolates were resided in two genera in ...
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Citations
... Mont. (Abdollahzadeh et al. 2014;Kuch et al. 2014), Dothiorella sp., Neonectria coccinea (Pers.) Rossman & Samuels (Langer et al. 2013), Neonectria punicea (J.C. ...
The causative agent of sooty bark disease, Cryptostroma corticale , has, for some years, caused increased damage to maples ( Acer spp.) in Germany and throughout Europe. It has been stated that this pathogen can occur latently in Acer . In this study, the composition of endophytic fungi of woody stem tissues of sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) saplings were analysed in order to investigate whether C. corticale is present in young, visually healthy maple trees from natural regeneration. The most abundant taxa of the 30 isolated endophytes were Diaporthe cf. rudis and Petrakia irregularis . An association of five fungal species ( Biscogniauxia mediterranea , Coniochaeta velutina , Gibellulopsis catenata , Neocucurbitaria quercina , Tangerinosporium thalitricola ) with A. pseudoplatanus was reported for the first time. Cryptostroma corticale was not present in the juvenile sycamore stems. Furthermore, its pathogenicity was studied in comparison to other pathogens associated with A. pseudoplatanus , namely Diplodia mutila , Dothiorella sp., Nectria cinnabarina , Neonectria coccinea , Neonectria punicea and Stegonsporium pyriforme . The longest necroses were induced by C. corticale followed by N. coccinea . In a trial with a C. corticale spore suspension sprayed directly on stem bark, the fungus could be re-isolated from woody tissue, however necroses were evoked only when the bark was wounded prior to infection. The results from the experiments presented here function as additional evidence for the ability of C. corticale to establish endophytically within the host and, in particular, for the ability of the fungus to establish a successful infection/entrance through intact bark.
... The results could be confirmed Langer We detected B. dothidea in both adult and pole beech stands. This is a latent pathogen of global importance to woody plant health, with more than 24 known host genera, both coniferous and deciduous (Crist and Schoeneweiss 1975;Smith and Stanosz 2001;Butin 2011;Piškur et al. 2011;Phillips et al. 2013;Abdollahzadeh et al. 2014;Marsberg et al. 2017). It has already been detected in Germany (Kehr 2004) and seems to be native to Europe (Piškur et al. 2011). ...
In the light of ongoing climate change, European beech trees face a loss of vitality due to an expected increase in the frequency of droughts, exacerbated by prolonged periods of high temperatures and solar radiation. Such conditions increase the predisposition to European beech splendour beetle attacks, and trigger sunburn, fungal infections and complex diseases. As a result, European beech forests are seriously threatened by climate change. Following prolonged and repeated periods of exceptional drought since 2018, European beech decline have been observed in several regions of Germany and Europe. Vitality losses, in some cases severe, of due to the extraordinarily warm, dry summers of 2018 and 2019 have been observed and investigated in several regions of Germany. The first symptoms of vitality loss of European beech associated with severe signs of crown dieback were recorded in midsummer 2018. Mortality of branches and individual trees was often associated with sunburn, bark necrosis and bleeding spots of sap flux. The first signs of mortality were observed locally in predisposed stands in autumn 2018. The stem stability and break resistance of affected trees were significantly reduced. To elucidate the complex interactions involved, the occurrence of vitality loss of European beech and associated causative agents were examined in north-western Germany. Disease symptoms of individual trees were studied, associated fungi (endophytes, plant pathogens and saprobes) were isolated and identified. Frequent potentially severe pathogens included Neonectria coccinea, Diplodia corticola and D. mutila. The presented cases of disease were the first, where D. corticola was recorded on beech. In addition, inoculation tests were used to assess the potential roles of Botryosphaeria species in the observed symptomatology.
... Bo. dothidea is an endophyte and latent pathogen of global importance with respect to tree health (Crist and Schoeneweiss, 1975;Smith and Stanosz, 2001;Butin, 2011;Piškur et al., 2011;Abdollahzadeh et al., 2014;Marsberg et al., 2017;. It seems to be native to Europe (Kehr, 2004;Piškur et al., 2011). ...
Filamentous fungi associated with woody tissues of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and isolated from diseased trees and healthy trees were examined in relation to their impact on tree health. To this end, classical culture-based isolation methods, in planta inoculations and fungal identification using ITS-barcode and morphological characters were used. Stem endophytes of healthy beech saplings collected in German forests were isolated to determine endophyte communities in woody stem tissues. Pathogenicity tests were performed on living potted beech saplings using twelve selected fungal pathogens and wood inhabiting fungi (Hypocreales, Botryosphaeriales, and Xylariales) originating mainly from European beech with symptoms of the complex disease Vitality loss, or from bark necroses, or known to be common endophytes of beech. The impact of these ascomycetous fungi with respect to tree health was discussed. The potential influences of endophytic fungi of beech and of test conditions are discussed in relation to the success of inoculation. All tested fungal strains except for Neonectria ditissima were able to establish themselves post inoculation in the beech stems and caused necroses when there was sufficient water, but at different severities. Under the experimental conditions, Botryosphaeria corticola was shown to be the most virulent tested latent pathogen against F. sylvatica. In the context of climate change and global warming, the tested Botryosphaeriaceae are able to play a primary role in the disease progress of Vitality loss of Beech. The key role of Neonectria coccinea in causing bark necroses and the loss of vitality in beech was confirmed because the tested strain induced large lesions on the beech saplings.
... This fungus has also been reported from cultivar Parent Washington on sour orange rootstock [68], C. sinensis and C. latifolia Tan. in California [20], and C. sinensis in New Zealand [72]. Abdollahzadeh et al. reported this species from Citrus sp. in Guilan province of Iran [73]. Our study provides the first report of this fungus from C. aurantifolia and C. aurantium. ...
Citrus trees with cankers and dieback symptoms were observed in Bushehr (Bushehr province, Iran). Isolations were made from diseased cankers and branches. Recovered fungal isolates were identified using cultural and morphological characteristics, as well as comparisons of DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal DNA-internal transcribed spacer region, translation elongation factor 1α, β-tubulin, and actin gene regions. Dothiorella viticola, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neoscytalidium hyalinum, Phaeoacremonium (P.) parasiticum, P. italicum, P. iranianum, P. rubrigenum, P. minimum, P. croatiense, P. fraxinopensylvanicum, Phaeoacremonium sp., Cadophora luteo-olivacea, Biscogniauxia (B.) mediterranea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. boninense, Peyronellaea (Pa.) pinodella, Stilbocrea (S.) walteri, and several isolates of Phoma, Pestalotiopsis, and Fusarium species were obtained from diseased trees. The pathogenicity tests were conducted by artificial inoculation of excised shoots of healthy acid lime trees (Citrus aurantifolia) under controlled conditions. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most virulent and caused the longest lesions within 40 days of inoculation. According to literature reviews, this is the first report of L. theobromae and N. hyalinum on citrus in Iran. Additionally, we report several Phaeoacremonium species, S. walteri, Pa. pinodella and C. luteo-olivacea on citrus trees for the first time in the world.
... Hinds, and P. croatiense Essakhi, Mugnai, Surico & Crous, have been isolated and identified from various forest trees (Kazemzadeh Chakusary et al. 2017). In recent years, an extensive research effort has been concentrated on the role of Botryosphaeriaceae species in trunk diseases of native, ornamental and forest trees worldwide (Encinas 2001;Abdollahzadeh et al. 2009Abdollahzadeh et al. , 2013aAlves et al. 2013;Jami et al. 2013;Pavlic-Zupanc et al. 2015).Various members of Botryosphaeriaceae are pathogenic fungi mostly of woody plants, including forest trees and shrubs worldwide (Slippers and Wingfield 2007;Slippers et al. 2009). Species of this family are predominantly associated with branch and trunk cankers, dieback as well as leaf yellowing and decline (Phillips 2000;Van Niekerk et al. 2004). ...
From 2012 to 2015, several field surveys were conducted throughout forest areas in the north of Iran in order to determine the occurrence of species of Botryosphaeriaceae on forest trees. Fungal isolations were made from symptomatic branches of 20 tree genera including Acer, Alnus, Carpinus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Cydonia, Diospyros, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditsia, Mespilus, Parrotia, Pinus, Populus, Prunus, Pterocarya, Punica, Quercus, Ulmus and Zelkova, as well as fruiting bodies formed on the surface of woody debris. Morphological identification along with molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and a partial sequence of translation elongation factor 1-α (tef-1α) gene showed that at least nine species of Botryosphaeriaceae occur on forest trees in the north of Iran. These include Dothiorella sarmentorum, Dothiorella plurivora, Neofusicoccum parvum, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, Diplodia seriata, Diplodia sapinea, Lasiodiplodia mahajangana and Diplodia intermedia. Pathogenicity tests were conducted for selected isolates from each species on six tree species (Mespilus germanica, Punica granatum, Parrotia persica, Alnus glutinosa, Quercus castaneifolia and Pterocarya fraxinifolia) under field conditions. Results of the pathogenicity tests showed a variation in lesion lengths (virulence) and re-isolation frequencies of inoculated species on branches of trees, Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae, B. dothidea and D. intermedia being the most virulence species. Based on host plant species, the majority of Botryosphaeriaceae species are new records. This is the first comprehensive study on the species identification, distribution and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae on forest trees in Iran. This is also the first report of L. mahajangana in this country.
... Recently, 17 genera have been recognized in this family including Diplodia (Phillips et al., 2013). Species of Diplodia have been found in association with different disease symptoms such as canker, gummosis, fruit rot, dieback and twig blight (Lazzizera et al., 2008;Phillips et al., 2012;Abdollahzadeh et al., 2013). Some Diplodia species, namely D. corticola, D. mutila, D. pinea and D. seriata, are well-known pathogens of woody plants (Phillips et al., 2012). ...
Diplodia bulgarica has been recently identifed on apple trees in Bulgaria and Iran. This fungus was isolated from apple trees in the west of Iran, showing canker, gummosis, dieback and twig blight symptoms. To determine its signifcance as a pathogen on apple, Koch’s postulates were fulfilled by stem inoculation of 2-year-old apple trees (cv. Golden Delicious) under greenhouse and field conditions. Results confirmed D. bulgarica as a highly virulent pathogen on apple under greenhouse and field conditions. This is the first record of D. bulgarica as a pathogen of apple, emphasizing the need to study biological and genetic aspects of this new pathogen.
Botryosphaeriales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) occur in a wide range of habitats as endo-phytes, saprobes, and pathogens. The order Botryosphaeriales has not been subjected to evaluation since 2019 by Phillips and co-authors using phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. Subsequently, many studies introduced novel taxa into the order and revised several families separately. In addition , no ancestral character studies have been conducted for this order. Therefore, in this study, we re-evaluated the character evolution and taxonomic placements of Botryosphaeriales species based on ancestral character evolution, divergence time estimation, and phylogenetic relationships, including all the novel taxa that have been introduced so far. Maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference analyses were conducted on a combined LSU and ITS sequence alignment. Ancestral state reconstruction was carried out for conidial colour, septation, and nutritional mode. Divergence times estimates revealed that Botryosphaeriales originated around 109 Mya in the early epoch of the Cretaceous period. All six families in Botryosphaeriales evolved in the late epoch of the Cretaceous period (66-100 Mya), during which Angiosperms also appeared, rapidly diversified and became dominant on land. Families of Botryosphaeriales diversified during the Paleogene and Neogene periods in the Cenozoic era. The order comprises the families Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae, Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae and Saccharataceae. Furthermore, current study assessed two hypotheses; the first one being "All Botryosphaeriales species originated as endophytes and then switched into saprobes when their hosts died or into pathogens when their hosts were under stress"; the second hypothesis states that "There is a link between the conidial colour and nutritional mode in botryosphaerialean taxa". Ancestral state reconstruction and nutritional mode analyses revealed a pathogenic/saprobic nutritional mode as the ancestral character. However, we could not provide strong evidence for the first hypothesis mainly due to the significantly low number of studies reporting the endophytic botryosphaerialean taxa. Results also showed that hyaline and aseptate conidia were ancestral characters in Botryosphaeriales and supported the relationship between conidial pigmentation and the pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriales species.
In recent years, Diplodia bulgarica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Lopes & S.G. Bobev was identified as the main causal agent of apple tree decline in Iran. This fungus causes stem and trunk cankers, dieback, bark discoloration, gummosis, scaling-offof the bark and fruit rot in the west and northwest apple orchards of Iran. The disease was often prevalent in trees more than 15-years-old that were suffering from environmental stresses such as drought and nutrient deficiency. To evaluate the response of apple tree cultivars to this pathogen, six commercial cultivars (Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Granny Smith, Red Starking, Braeburn, and Gala) and three local cultivars (Golab, Qara Yapragh, and Turkaman) were assessed under field conditions. The results confirmed that all cultivars are susceptible to Diplodia bulgarica, but mean lesion lengths differed significantly between cultivars (P=0.01). The largest lesions were observed on Braeburn, Red Delicious, and Red Starking cultivars, thus these cultivars were considered to be the most susceptible. Lesion lengths on Qara Yapragh, Turkaman, and Golden Delicious were significantly smaller than on all other cultivars and these were considered as moderately resistant to Diplodia bulgarica in Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the response of apple tree cultivars to this devastating pathogen.
