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One of 4,992 MP trees (Length = 1,888, CI = 0.584, RI = 0.842, RC = 0.492, HI = 0.416) most consistent in topology with NJ and Bayesian analyses. All 34 endophytic fungal strains and 27 reference taxa were included. Thickened branches represent clades with over 0.95 Bayesian posterior probability support. Bootstrap support values (≥ 50%) are shown above the branches.
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Diverse fungal species live inside plant tissues, some of which presumably occur in a mutualistic association. Some fungal endophytes are widespread and can be found in many different plant species, whereas others are highly specific to single hosts. In this study, we investigated the taxonomic identities and phylogenetic relationships of fungal en...
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... of the gap-coded database found 4,992 equally most parsimonious trees with a length of 1,888 steps (consistency index (CI) = 0.584, retention index (RI) = 0.842, rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.492, and homoplasy index (HI) = 0.416). One of the most parsimonious trees which is most consistent in topology with the NJ and Bayesian analysis ( Fig. 1) was given to show the diversity of the endophytic fungi associated with these Artemisia species and to illustrate the phylogenetic placement of these endophytes. The tree was rooted with a species of Trypethelium, based on the phylogenetic ...
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... shown in Fig. 1, all the isolates from Artemisia host plants could be classified as Sordariomycetes or Dothideomycetes. Sorda- riomycetes mainly included Colletotrichum (Clade I), Valsaceae (Clade II), and Xylariales (Clade III). Pleosporaceae (Clade IV) was included in Dothideomycetes. Within the Dothideomycetes, AiL8 and fungal endophyte MS1 IS264 ...
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... (99% identical with both AY259098 (99% coverage) and DQ356359 (96% coverage) in BLAST searches), and isolate AcapL1 was A. pullulans (100% identical to AY225165 (97% coverage) and 99% similar to EF197817 (100% coverage)). Four of the isolates, AcapL2, AcapF1, AcapS2, and AcapS5, were grouped with Alternaria alternata accessions in Clade IV ( Fig. 1) with 100% bootstrap support and Bayesian probability of 1.00, consistent with their morphological identification. In individual BLAST searches where the total length of each sequence was used, AcapS2 and AcapS5 were found to be 100% identical with Alternaria gaisen (AF314581, 100% coverage). AcapL2 was 100% identical with both ...
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... phylogenetic analyses were conducted for the 15 sequences of sordario- mycetes from Clade I (Fig. 1), together with other sequences of Colletotrichum (Phyllacho- raceae), using Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Phyllachoraceae) as outgroup (Fig. 2). In the gap coded dataset, 52.9% of 210 variable characters are parsimony-informative, whereas in the noncoded dataset, 49.5% of 103 variable characters were parsimony-informative. Heuristic ...
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... related to fungal endophyte MUT 885 with good support (0.87; figure not shown). MUT 885 was previously placed in the Phomop- sis/Diaporthe clade and it was most similar to Diaporthe caulivora (AF000567) in ITS sequence (Girlanda, et al., 2002). Further MP, NJ, and Bayesian analyses were conducted for the 19 sequences in Clade II (Valsaceae) of Fig. 1 together with 14 other sequences belonging to the genus Phomopsis and/or Diaporthe in the family Valsaceae(Diaporthales), with Apiognomonia veneta (Diaporthales, Gnomo- niaceae) as outgroup. In the noncoded dataset, there were 126 (23.2%) variable characters out of a total of 543 aligned bases, and 66 (12.2%) were ...
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... to sporulate in PDA culture or showed no discernible reproductive structures, only two (AlS6 and AiS4) of these 11 endophytic fungi could be morphologically identified as Phomopsis (Table 3). AcapS1, AiS2, AiS4 and AcapS3 were all placed in a clade containing Phomopsis bougainvilleicola voucher SCHM 3006 (AY601920) and Phomopsis oryzae (AF079777) (Fig. 1), as well as Phomopsis averrhoae (AY618930) (Fig. 3). Also in the clade of Phomopsis, AlS5 and AiS7 were found to be related to uncultured Valsaceae, which was an endophytic fungus molecularly identified as Phomopsis phyllanthicola (Gao et al., 2005). They were 99% similar to Phomopsis sp. H1 (AB286211, 100% coverage) and P. ...
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... to Clade III (Xylariales) of Fig. 1, AcapF6 could be identified as a species of Pestalotiopsis, as the clade was strongly supported in all phylogenetic analyses (100% bootstrap support and Bayesian probability of 1.00). Its sequences was found to be 100% identical to Pestalotiopsis heterocornis (AY68 7874), Pestalotiopsis microspora (AF409958), Pestalotiopsis sp. ICMP6088 ...
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... (100% bootstrap support and Bayesian probability of 1.00). Its sequences was found to be 100% identical to Pestalotiopsis heterocornis (AY68 7874), Pestalotiopsis microspora (AF409958), Pestalotiopsis sp. ICMP6088 (AF409957) (all with 96% coverage), and Pestalotiopsis uvicola (AY687297, 94% coverage), although only accession AY687874 was shown in Fig. 1. This molecular identification was consistent with its morphological classification (Table ...
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... could not be placed within any of the three major clades of Sordariomycetes (Fig. 1). All the MP, NJ and Bayesian analyses found that AcapS7 and two Xylariaceae reference accessions (Hypoxylon perforatum and Daldinia loculata) formed a well supported clade within the big Xylariales clade. BLAST search also showed that AcapS7 was similar to some genera of Xylariaceae. To further verify its relationship with these fungi, ...
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... nine mycelia sterilia isolates of A. indica likely also belong to Xylaria since they were all similar to Xylaria in morphological characteristics. The isolate (AcapS7) isolated from the stem of A. capillaris could only be morphologically identified as Xylariales sp., whose relationship to other available taxa was difficult to establish ( Fig.1 and Fig. 4). However, both NJ and Bayesian analyses revealed that AcapS7 was most closely related to H. perforatum of Xylariaceae, suggesting that AcapS7 is likely a species of Hypoxylon. ...
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Citations
... These EF differ from mycorrhizal fungi in that they do not develop localized and specialized mycelia . EF belong to a highly diverse ecological group that exists in a variety of plant species, such as woody plants, herbaceous plants and grasses (Huang et al. 2009), and are typically classified as clavicipitaceous fungi (usually associated with grasses) and non-clavicipitaceous fungi (not found in grasses) (Rigobelo and Baron 2022). They play a key role in promoting nutrient absorption, plant growth and overall health (Akram et al. 2023). ...
Background and aims
Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and endophytic fungi (EF) is of primal significance for the development of sustainable agriculture. Currently, the positive effects of inoculation with AMF or EF alone on plant growth have been extensively studied, but the interaction of AMF and EF on plant performance and fungal colonization rate have not been well studied.
Methods
We conducted a meta-analysis of 371 observations from 62 full-factor experiments and quantified the interaction between AMF and EF on 14 variables related to plant growth performance and fungal colonization rate.
Results
The results indicated that the inoculation with AMF or EF alone significantly increased the aboveground biomass, total biomass, stomatal conductance and their colonization rate. AMF also significantly increased the plant height (PLH), shoot P content, average root diameter (ARD) and chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, the infection with EF alone also significantly increased belowground biomass and total root length (TRL). Antagonistic interactions were exerted for plant biomass, PLH and mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR). Additive interactions were observed for root to shoot ratio, TRL, ARD, plant P content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and endophyte colonization rate. And synergies rarely occurred, with only for ARD in forage plants.
Conclusion
Overall, our results confirmed the positive effects of AMF or EF on plant biomass and nutrient absorption, while antagonistic and additive interactions revealed competition between microbial symbionts and independent contributions to plant performance.
... Airborne fungi with significant spore production, such as Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp., and Aspergillus sp., were among the most commonly isolated endophytes from plane trees. They are important components of numerous endophyte communities (Huang et al., 2009;Sun et al., 2011), and it appears that their prevalence as endophytes may be attributable to their high environmental activity and sporulation, which statistically increases their likelihood of becoming established as permanent endophytes (Mishra et al., 2012). ...
... Rosa et al. found Deschampsia antarctica, a wild grass on sub-Antarctic islands, was frequently colonised by Alternaria (Rosa et al. 2009). Alternaria and ascomycete species were common in leaves and stems of Artemisia (Asteraceae) species in Hong Kong (Huang et al. 2009). Cultivated rice and wheat become naturally colonised by endophytes, presumably from the soil in which they grow. ...
... BLAST matches for S3-R6 and S4-St1 showed highest identity scores and coverage (100%) with sequences from Aspergillus and Neurospora, whereas these genera share distant phylogenetic relationships. Therefore, employing of multiple common gene datasets (nuclear and mitochondrial genes) in combination with morphological properties may resolve such ambiguities in ongoing phylogenetic studies of endophytic fungi (Huang et al. 2009;Krimitzas et al. 2013;Hofstetter et al. 2019). Moreover, many of fungal isolates we isolated could not be identified to the level of genus or even family, indicating that there is considerable unexplored diversity within the fungal endophytic microbiota. ...
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... We support the legitimacy of the name C. kahawae because 1) it is phylogenetically distant to C. gloeosporioides and other close relatives (Fig. 2), and 2) there are significant phenotypic differences including physiological and biochemical characters between this and other species. Here an important implication is that the phenotypic characters of a Colletotrichum species should be expanded to a polyphasic sense as discussed by Cai et al. (2009). Species reorganization solely based on morphology has long been shown to be taxonomically inadequate and there is a great need to apply more characters to the taxonomy of Colletotrichum (Sutton, 1962;1980;Du et al., 2005;Crouch et al., 2009;Cai et al., 2009). ...
... Here an important implication is that the phenotypic characters of a Colletotrichum species should be expanded to a polyphasic sense as discussed by Cai et al. (2009). Species reorganization solely based on morphology has long been shown to be taxonomically inadequate and there is a great need to apply more characters to the taxonomy of Colletotrichum (Sutton, 1962;1980;Du et al., 2005;Crouch et al., 2009;Cai et al., 2009). The relationship between C. kahawae and C. gloeosporioides is a good example as they cannot be distinguished by morphology alone, but bear sufficient distinctions in other characters and DNA sequence data. ...
... This indicates the each species is possibly able to survive in any of the three life modes and are opportunistic pathogens. Several studies have shown that Colletotrichum species occur in epiphytic and endophytic stages from different plant hosts (Photita et al., 2004;Santamaría and Bayman, 2005;Promputtha et al., 2007;Huang et al., 2008Huang et al., , 2009Tao et al., 2008). Furthermore, pathogenicity testing showed that all the isolates were pathogenic. ...
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... In addition, molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 5.8S RNA ITS (500 bp) sequence con rmed that the isolated strain was Alternaria macrospora. Using a combined approach of morphological and molecular con rmation, similar reports on the phylogenetic identities and relationships of endophytic fungi isolated from Artemisia indica, A. capillaris, and A. lacti ora plant species have been previously documented (Huang et al. 2009). ...
The interaction of plants with microorganisms at various trophic levels is primarily for growth, development and deterrence and is intertwined in a complex network of inhabitants. Endophytes of fungal origin are widely recognized for supporting the production of host plant defence systems, new secondary metabolites, biological pest control agents, and beneficial colony-forming fungi. This study focuses on the assessment of the biological activity of the endophyte, Alternaria macrospora isolated from the leaves of Trichillia connaroides . This strain was genotyped by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region. Chemical profiling of the extract is performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), indicating the presence of functional groups by FTIR peaks. In addition, A. macrospora metabolites exhibit biological activity listed as antibacterial, antifungal, larval killing, and anticancer activities. It provides a catalogue of bioactivity that is highly relevant to drug and pharmacological settings.
... In addition, molecular phylogenetic analysis of the 5.8S RNA ITS (500 bp) sequence con rmed that the isolated strain was Alternaria macrospora. Using a combined approach of morphological and molecular con rmation, similar reports on the phylogenetic identities and relationships of endophytic fungi isolated from Artemisia indica, A. capillaris, and A. lacti ora plant species have been previously documented (Huang et al. 2009). ...
The interaction of plants with microorganisms at various trophic levels is primarily for growth, development and deterrence and is intertwined in a complex network of inhabitants. Endophytes of fungal origin are widely recognized for supporting the production of host plant defence systems, new secondary metabolites, biological pest control agents, and beneficial colony-forming fungi. This study focuses on the assessment of the biological activity of the endophyte, Alternaria macrospora isolated from the leaves of Trichillia connaroides . This strain was genotyped by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene region. Chemical profiling of the extract is performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), indicating the presence of functional groups by FTIR peaks. In addition, A. macrospora metabolites exhibit biological activity listed as antibacterial, antifungal, larval killing, and anticancer activities. It provides a catalogue of bioactivity that is highly relevant to drug and pharmacological settings.
... Meanwhile, these compounds increase the resistance of plants to herbivore pests and pathogens [10]. The relationship between the bioactivities of the host and its fungal endophyte needs further investigation, which may shed light on host-endophyte co-evolution and interaction and provide guidance for obtaining bioactive fungal isolates [11]. ...
Saudi Arabia is part of a hot dry desert region and is characterized by stressful conditions. The main goal of this research was to identify endophytic fungal (EF) community composition, diversity and abundance in relation to their plant hosts and soil stress. The above-ground parts of six wild plants (Haloxylon salicornicum, Salsola kali, Heliotropium bacciferum, Erica verticillata, Salsola imbricata and Bienertia sinuspersici) were sampled, surface-sterilized and cut into small pieces, which were cultured and incubated for 4–6 weeks. Isolates were grouped and identified by using both morphological and ITS rDNA molecular data. The diversity and community structure of plant-endophyte associations were studied. A total of 455 EF isolates were grouped into 25 different taxa; 21 of which were identified at the species level, 2 at genus level and 2 were unclassified fungi. Here, 95.65% of the identified genera were Ascomycota; of which 36.36, 31.81 and 31.81% were members of the classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, respectively. S. imbricata showed the highest isolation rate and colonization frequency (CF%) of EF when compared to other plant species. Additionally, S. imbricata demonstrated the highest species richness and species diversity of the EF community predominated by the genus Fusarium. Conclusively, the core culturable EF genera of six wild plants were identified (unculturable taxa were not identified in this study). The composition of the EF community was revealed to have a strong correlation to both the electrical conductivity and pH of the soil and a moderate correlation to both the host species and the host family. The abundance and diversity of EF communities of the six plants were environment-dependent.
