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This paper investigates the impact of load shedding strategies on a block of multiple buildings. It particularly deals with the quantification of the factors i.e., peak shaving, occupants’ thermal comfort or CO 2 emission reduction and how to quickly quantify them. To achieve this goal, the paper focuses on a new residential district, thermally fed...
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... results of the complex one-hour thermal load shedding strategy, taking place from 5 a.m. to 6 a.m. after a one-hour over-heating are presented in Figure 6. The strategy was applied each day of January and results are the average value for each time slot and each modeling, like those presented in Figure 5. ...
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Citations
... This paper is relevant in that it presents the grounded theories of our review. 4. A4 [53] focused on thermal energy storage, which offers load-shifting from the off-peak hours through sensitive and/or latent methods. 5. A10 [54] investigated the impact of load-shedding on a block of multiple buildings. 6. A13 [55], which has been retracted, proposed a simple algorithm for the operational efficiency of water pumps at peak hours. ...
Load-shifting is a demand-side management (DSM) strategy to support the efficiency of the electricity grid during hours of peak demand. Load-shifting at the appliance level is an interesting topic to review, since appliance usage is one of the main inputs of the load-profile analysis. More literature reviews on load-shifting at the appliance level are required, as this is a specific issue in the body of literature on load-profile research, though only a limited number of studies are available at this time. It is also essential to focus on appliance usage patterns to improve our understanding of the impacts and characteristics of different appliances. Existing studies on load-shifting have used commonly structured literature reviews; our work addresses the transparency of each stage and substage in the selection of the final list of studies. The findings show that efficiency has been achieved in installed-capacity reductions; costs, including those of emission reductions; and peak consumption reductions. The most frequently used method in load-shifting at the appliance level is to develop load-shifting optimization algorithms. This work contributes by providing a transparent process of drawing up a systematicity literature review as a source of knowledge and grounded theory. It also contributes to specific research on load-shifting at the appliance level by highlighting and discussing the key findings for the reader. In particular, it contributes to improving energy efficiency by describing load-shifting methods at the appliance level and identifying both controllable and uncontrollable appliances. This detailed literature review at the appliance level can make valuable contributions in support of decision- and policymaking by illuminating new dynamic systems specifically in load-shifting and in demand-side management in general for energy efficiency purposes.
... In particular, a number of studies have developed models to estimate the flexibility potential of the heat pump. The authors in [11,12] have provided an overview of the possible Demand Side Management applications in the field of heat pumps and evaluated its efficiency in providing peak shaving and thermal comfort. In [13,14], a generic flexible offer generation and evaluation process that extracts flexibility from heat pumps and other household devices is presented and incorporated in a unified model. ...
With the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy generation, there is a growing demand to use the inherent flexibility within buildings to absorb renewable related disruptions. Heat pumps play a particularly important role, as they account for a high share of electricity consumption in residential units. The most common way of quantifying the flexibility is by considering the response of the building or the household appliances to external penalty signals. However, this approach neither accounts for the use cases of flexibility trading nor considers its impact on the prosumer comfort, when the heat pump should cover the stochastic domestic hot water (DHW) consumption. Therefore, in this paper, a new approach to quantifying the flexibility potential of residential heat pumps is proposed. This methodology enables the prosumers themselves to generate and submit the operating plan of the heat pump to the system operator and trade the alternative operating plans of the heat pump on the flexibility market. In addition, the impact of the flexibility provision on the prosumer comfort is investigated by calculating the warm water temperature drops in the thermal energy storage given heat demand forecast errors. The results show that the approach with constant capacity reservation in the thermal energy storage provides the best solution, with an average of 2.5 min unsatisfactory time per day and a maximum temperature drop of 2.3∘C.
... To this end, the energy balance is optimized with the supply of electricity by means of inverse simulation. Other studies do not define a specific DRP, i.e., highlight only the consumption reduction in peak hours treating it as a typical event without emphasis on whether this would be through direct or requested control from the stakeholder [116][117][118]. An event-based DRP is proposed in Ref. [117], which will occur incidentally and will provide information on the power limit, the time and duration of the event. ...
... Through Q2i (on Table 2), one notes that the majority of TC indices are based on the model of Fanger [144] (PMV/PPD), which corroborates with the number of publications that consider only the application of centralized HVAC systems as the only means of acclimatization, as shown in (Q2n). The adaptive approach is considered in nine articles [36,38,52,57,66,104,111,115,116], where some of them use the Adaptive ASHRAE [36,111] or graph Comfort Zones for cooling and/or heating stations [52,57,66]. The dissatisfaction scale ALD is considered in Ref. [104]. ...
... The dissatisfaction scale ALD is considered in Ref. [104]. The European model of this approach is applied by Ref. [115], while [116] considers the operational temperature of the module proposed by Ref. [131]. Alternatively, the hybrid aPMV is used in Refs. ...
In the context of demand side management, the scientific community has directed some effort into research related to modifying the load curve of consumers, where this becomes an alternative toward making sustainable the consumption of electricity. Therefore, with this possibility, there inevitably emerges the need for maintaining indoor thermal conditions suitable for users, which constitutes the aspect of comfort of highest cost in terms of energy. In this sense, as main contribution, this article presents a review that places demand response and thermal comfort as the central elements, while observing, in a critical manner, how their relationship occurs. In addition, the economic and environmental aspects always present in this type of study are analyzed, as well as the social aspect to maintain indoor climatic conditions. Furthermore, a characterization of the studies is proposed given the presence of a variety of elements related to sustainability in a quantitative and qualitative form. Thus, the studies that most use sustainable resources are highlighted and may help with the challenges to implement demand response programs in practice. Finally, the critical review contributes by identifying how the researches addresses this issue and what gaps can be filled in the future.
... Nous avons présenté ce travail dans une conférence nationale [104] et internationale 2 [105] puis publié dans le journal "open access" Buildings [106], dont nous résumons ici les principaux résultats. La comparaison a été réalisée entre le modèle thermique très détaillé d'un bâtiment résidentiel neuf, réalisé dans le logiciel Pléiades 3 par le bureau d'étude thermique, (voir gure IV.16), et un modèle réduit RC que nous avons généré par TEASER 4 . ...
Majoritairement responsable du dérèglement climatique, le secteur de l’énergie est particulièrement visé et des politiques de transition énergétique voient le jour, en s’appuyant sur les principes de sobriété, d’efficacité et de productions énergétiques bas-carbone. Les systèmes énergétiques doivent s’adapter rapidement à ces changements et être conçus de façon à intégrer une approche multi-énergies et des stratégies de gestion de la demande. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse propose de développer une méthodologie et un outil d’aide à la décision associé, offrant aux différents acteurs énergétiques une aide pour concevoir, dimensionner, et gérer les systèmes énergétiques au niveau des quartiers. En premier lieu, une approche de planification énergétique par optimisation sera développée. Une méthodologie, basée sur des bilans de puissance sera ensuite présentée, pour traiter de façon générique des cas d’étude de planification énergétique à l’échelle du quartier, puis illustrée sur un cas de valorisation de chaleur fatale. Des modèles de consommation basés sur des approches statistiques seront ensuite employés, afin de représenter des scénarios de flexibilité temporelle (décalage d’usages). Une alternative à cette approche par les données, basée sur la modélisation physique des bâtiments, sera ensuite présentée à travers l’utilisation de modèles thermiques réduits. Enfin, l’ensemble de ces modèles sera capitalisé au sein d’un outil de génération automatique de modèles d’optimisation, s’appuyant sur une méthodologie de construction de modèles énergétiques à partir d’éléments génériques. Le développement de cet outil open source, en langage Python, et le principe de génération automatique des modèles sera enfin détaillé.
... Therefore, reduced models are wished for the optimization model of the heating load prediction, as soon the level of modeling is effective enough to describe buildings responses to DSM events. Low-level RC networks could fit the requirements since their utilization in order to simulate the impact of DSM strategies on building heating loads was validated in a previous study (Pajot et al. (2018)). Moreover, the model has to be linear in order to fit with the linear formulation of the optimization problem (MILP). ...
In this work, we address the escalating demand for cooling during peak periods. Our study aims to mitigate this challenge by devising innovative strategies for demand flexibility and load shifting, specifically exploring the flexibility of thermally-driven cooling systems utilizing Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) when integrated with residential heat pump hot water heaters. We employ dynamic modeling, integrating residential building hourly cooling load profiles, weather data, and time-of-use (TOU) electricity rates to evaluate the effectiveness of a heat pump-driven MOF-based Indirect Evaporative Cooling (IEC) system with a hot water heater serving as thermal storage. We conduct an analysis of peak demand savings and cost-effectiveness across diverse climatic zones and rate structures. Our findings assess the influence of TOU rates on cost savings, the value of solar water heaters, and the interplay between cooling loads and savings. Results show that the cost effectiveness of these systems is highly dependent on climate and energy price structure but in the most favorable locations, hundreds of dollars of annual savings from demand shifting are possible. This study contributes to advancing energy-efficient cooling strategies by harnessing the potential that MOF-based systems offer for reducing costs and enhancing sustainability in the face of escalating cooling demands.
The smart grid offers a great opportunity to move the energy industry into a new sustainable environment that provides a reliable, productive, and high-quality supply to ameliorate end users’ lifestyles. This concept comprehensively covers all parts of a power system including generation, transmission, distribution, and consumption. Under such an environment, the penetration of various energy resources such as photovoltaic solar cells and wind turbines may negatively affect the energy system flexibility. Therefore, improvement in energy system flexibility is a pivotal issue in smart grids and should be taken into consideration. In this chapter, the smart energy system concept as well as the most crucial challenges and opportunities related to smart grids are elucidated. Additionally, the flexibility concept is clarified, whereas a flexibility-constrained energy scheduling problem incorporating demand response programs is also proposed. Finally, a small-scale smart energy system is introduced and used to evaluate the role of energy flexibility in the smart grid energy system.
With building electric demand becoming increasingly dynamic, and a growing percentage of intermittent renewable power generation from solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, the power grid is facing increasing challenge to manage the real time balance between the supply and demand. With advancements in smart sensing and metering, smart appliances, electric vehicles, and energy storage technologies, demand side management of residential buildings can help the grid to improve stability by optimizing flexible loads. This paper reviews recent studies on residential building demand side management, with a focus on characterization and quantification of energy flexibility covering various types of flexible loads, metrics, methods, and applications. The reviewed studies showed four levels of applications: building level (45%), district or community level (29%), system level (19%), and building sector level (7%). Shifting loads is the dominant flexibility type in 60% of applications, followed by shedding (19%), generation (16%), and modulating (6%). Depending on the technology and application scope, flexible operations have a wide range of performance, with peak power reductions of 1%~65%, energy savings up to 60%, operational cost reduction of 1%~48%, and greenhouse gas emission reductions of up to29%. More than half (51%) of the studies employed control strategies to achieve flexibility; among those 72% used optimal controls, while 28% used rule-based controls. About 58% of the studies used mathematical formulation to quantify energy flexibility. Most studies were based on simulation, while less than 15% of the studies had measurements from experiments or field tests. The review reveals research opportunities to address significant gaps in the existing literature: (1) establishing a common definition and performance metrics for energy flexibility of buildings that are technology and application agnostic, (2) developing an ontology to standardize representation of flexibility resources for interoperability, (3) integrating occupant impacts into the quantification and optimization of energy flexibility, and (4) developing requirements and credits of energy flexibility in building energy codes and standards. Findings from the review can inform future research and development of energy flexible buildings which are essential to a reliable and resilient power grid.
Globally, to build cities and communities more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable is one of the most important sustainable development goals. Eco-districts in cities emerged as an answer to current global environmental concerns and have been developed in France since the 1990s. The objective of this work is to gather operational feedback from sustainable neighborhood projects owners to better understand the key barriers of such projects and how to overcome them. A case study of the eco-district Les Tanneries, Lingolsheim showed that the carbon footprint of each inhabitant annually amounted to 4 tons CO2 equivalent, more than half of the French average. Rooms for improvements were clearly identified regarding transports and food carbon footprint. Indicators for energy consumption, social diversity and density reached the level of the eco-districts average. A governance review pointed out some superior practices such as the formalization of a specification requirements handbook, a competition between project management teams, and the use of neighborhood sustainability assessment tools to measure and track changes in performance. The validated tools and obtained results can be useful in building sustainable cities and even China’s ecological civilization.
