Fig 8 - uploaded by Omar Ginoble Pandoli
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One frame picture of the on-line video showing different physical parts of the biocomposite engineered material: sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues (orange); metaxylem, phloem and protoxylem vessels (purple) and silver aggregates (yellow).
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Fabrication of well-aligned arrays of microfluidic channels is very challenging using conventional microfabrication processes. On the other hand, nature is unique in creating complex hierarchical architectures. For instance, wood-derived materials present well aligned microchannels that offer the possibility to add new functionalities to biological...
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... and yellow represent the bamboo matrix, and silver aggregates, respectively. In Fig. 7C and D the opacity of the bamboo parenchyma was reduced to highlight the silver aggregates within the whole bamboo volume. The video available online shows the different physical parts of the biocomposite engineered material. One frame of the video is shown in Fig. 8. The orange colour represents the sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues; purple represents the metaxylem, phloem and protoxylem vessels; nally, yellow represents the silver aggregates in the parenchyma matrix. Since mCT cannot show individual nanoparticles due to the limitation in the spatial resolution of this technique, this analysis ...
Citations
... Among the many materials available for electrode fabrication, carbon is a remarkable example due to its low cost, high chemical stability, high electrical conductivity, and large availability. In addition, carbon present itself in many different forms like carbon black, 12,13 carbon nanotubes, 14 fullerene, 15 graphene and derived forms, 16,17 and graphite, 18,19 giving rise to many possibilities to select the proper carbon-based material for the final application. ...
Electrochemical paper-based analytical devices represent an important platform for portable, low-cost, affordable, and decentralized diagnostics. For this kind of application, chemical functionalization plays a pivotal role to ensure high clinical performance by tuning surface properties and the area of electrodes. However, controlling different surface properties of electrodes by using a single functionalization route is still challenging. In this work, we attempted to tune the wettability, chemical composition, and electroactive area of carbon-paper-based devices by thermally treating polydopamine (PDA) at different temperatures. PDA films were deposited onto pyrolyzed paper (PP) electrodes and thermally treated in the range of 300–1000 °C. After deposition of PDA, the surface is rich in nitrogen and oxygen, it is superhydrophilic, and it has a high electroactive area. As the temperature increases, the surface becomes hydrophobic, and the electroactive area decreases. The surface modifications were followed by Raman, X-ray photoelectron microscopy (XPS), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), electrical measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical experiments. In addition, the chemical composition of nitrogen species can be tuned on the surface. As a proof of concept, we employed PDA-treated surfaces to anchor [AuCl4]⁻ ions. After electrochemical reduction, we observed that it is possible to control the size of the nanoparticles on the surface. Our route opens a new avenue to add versatility to electrochemical interfaces in the field of paper-based electrochemical biosensors.
... This review introduces the applications of bamboo-based microfluidic devices such as analytical sensor detectors [28], chemical microreactors for organic synthesis [23,25,29], microfluidic heaters [30,31], and enzymatic bioreactors [26,27]. ...
... To overcome this problem cheaper monolithic lignocellulose hollow conductive microchannels have been developed with a cheap and easy metal coating of the internal wall of the vascular bundles (Fig. 14). In 2020, G. Pandoli et al. demonstrated a regioselective coating of the microchannels array with commercial conductive silver ink paste to fabricate a self-integrated bamboo microfluidic heater [30]. Commercial conductive silver ink was pumped with a vacuum over the microchannels' internal wall without clogging the channels' bamboo microarray [30]. ...
... In 2020, G. Pandoli et al. demonstrated a regioselective coating of the microchannels array with commercial conductive silver ink paste to fabricate a self-integrated bamboo microfluidic heater [30]. Commercial conductive silver ink was pumped with a vacuum over the microchannels' internal wall without clogging the channels' bamboo microarray [30]. Fig. 14a-d shows infrared thermographic images at Fig. 14e shows the bamboo microfluid heater's setup with the power source's connections to the inlet and out conductive hollow microchannel. ...
... The unique microstructure gives bamboo excellent mechanical properties. [6][7][8] Therefore, bamboo is suitable as an alternative material for wood in many research elds, such as transparent bamboo, 9 antibacterial bamboo, 10 conductive bamboo, 11 superhydrophobic bamboo 12 and other bamboobased materials with various properties. ...
The dyeing properties of twisted bamboo fiber bundles were studied by using the combination of three primary colors in M-type reactive dyes. The study found that the three dyes of red, yellow and blue have good color rendering in the actual dyeing process, and because the molecular structures of the three are similar, the chemical reactions during the fixation are the same, so the final dyeing rate results are similar, which were 29–32%. Compared with the undyed twisted bamboo fiber bundle, the mechanical properties of the three-color twisted bamboo fiber bundle also changed significantly, and the tensile strength increased by 13.79% on average. The changes of elastic modulus and elongation at break showed that the three-color twisted bamboo fiber bundle had excellent flexibility. In addition, there are significant color differences between the samples of each color. When the color indexes of DB are used as the benchmark, the ΔE* of other dyed samples varies from 40 to 80, and the color of each sample is relatively uniform, without an obvious color flower phenomenon. This indicates that twisted bamboo fiber bundles with richer colors can be prepared by different combinations of three primary dyes, which can improve the ornamental value of bamboo fiber bundles after processing into large blocks and their application potential in home textiles, interior decoration and other fields.
... Gold is not a Raman active material, but gold nanoparticles are often used in surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications [74]. The peaks observed for Au-CIT in Fig. 5a are instead characteristic of the citrate capping ligand (COO out-of-plane bending at 620 cm -1 , COO out-ofplane bending at 798 cm -1 , C-OH stretching at 1000 cm -1 , C-OH stretching at 1030 cm -1 , C-O stretching at 1153 cm -1 , COO bending at 1200 cm -1 , COO symmetric stretching at 1450 cm -1 , and COO asymmetric stretching at 1582 cm -1 and 1601 cm -1 ) [75][76][77]. Nanodiamonds have a characteristic peak at ca. 1330 cm -1 , but it is difficult to detect given the significant photoluminescence response of nanodiamonds [78]. Here, for the purpose of distinguishing material composition relative to Au-CIT, ZrO 2 , and PAM hydrogels, photoluminescence -noted by the rise in the baseline of the Raman spectra -was used to mark the presence of nanodiamonds. ...
Nanoparticles are promising candidates as direct therapeutics and delivery systems for osteoarthritis treatments, primarily via intraarticular injection, but little is known about the impact on sliding behavior for a soft material surface like cartilage that would be encountered in a joint. Nanoparticle additives have primarily been studied in the context of hard material interfaces, such as metals or metal oxides, where different lubricating or anti-wear mechanisms depend sensitively on chemical composition, size, and concentration. To understand what nanoparticle parameters influence in situ (in a fluid environment) frictional behavior of soft materials, polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels were used as a model soft material platform. Friction tests were conducted in a rheometer with a tribology adapter, with PAM hydrogels molded in a petri dish and immersed in different nanoparticle containing fluid environments. A range of nanoparticle compositions were selected to compare broad categories: gold (metal) with a citrate capping ligand, nanodiamond (carbon), and zirconium dioxide (metal oxide). Comparing surface chemistry, concentration, and degree of aggregation, both nanoparticle surface chemistry and nanoparticle solution viscosity were found to modulate in situ hydrogel friction.
... Thus, the highest conductivity value reported for cellulose-based microchannels was 9.3 × 10 5 S/m. The Joule heating effect of the conductive hollow channel was able to warm the inlet water only to 55 • C [33]. ...
... Considering an intermediate flow rate of 0.25 mL min − 1 and the internal geometric volume of B-700 (V G = 4.89 x 10 − 3 cm 3 , see Fig. 4c), the residence time (t R =V G /Flow rate) of the solvent in the device is c.a. 1.2 s. This is a relatively short time, leading to an outlet water average temperature of 80 • C with the applied current of 0.5 A. It is worth noticing that our previous conductive natural bamboo channels coated with silver ink reached the maximum temperature of 55 • C at 0.25 mL min − 1 with applied current of 1.5 A [33]. ...
... The peak-to-peak separation in the cyclic voltammogram was 148 mV, suggesting a quasi-reversible redox process (Fig. 12a) [100]. As reported previously, a fully integrated electrochemical cell built into a bamboo bio-template with silver-ink conductive hollow microchannels showed similar results (140 mV) [33]. These values are close to other high-performance electrodes obtained on cellulose-based substrates [101,102]. ...
Bamboo, like wood, is a promising natural template for biobased devices that takes advantage of its hierarchical architecture, microarray channels, anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties. Herein we report a low heat thermal treatment (HTT, 700-1000 °C) of natural bamboo specimens to obtain bamboo-based graphitic devices with thermoelectric and electrochemical properties. The preservation of the highly anisotropic architecture of three-dimensional carbon material (3D-CM) allowed adding specific thermoelectric and electrochemical properties depending on the HTT of the pristine specimens. High electric conductivity (σ, 839 S/m) was observed at 1000 °C showing a remarkable potential application as a bamboo-based working electrode. The bamboo annealed to 700 °C showed higher resistivity (ρ, 0.15 Ω m, and σ, 6.6 S/m), thermal conductivity (1.77 W/m K), and thermal heating rate (1.0 °C/s). The pyrolyzed biomass (B-700) was used as a 3D microfluidic heater to heat polar solvents (H2O and ethylene glycol) in flow mode up to their boiling points. A 2D carbon hotplate heater was built-up to warm solvent in batch mode. A complete chemical and physical characterization of the samples allowed us to determine structural and chemical compositions, cellulose crystalline structure phase transition to graphitic/turbostratic carbon, thermal and electrical conductivity of unprecedented bambootronics bio-devices.
... Finally, when the GO-wood composite was reduced by annealing at a high temperature, the rGO-wood composite was completed. Moreover, Pandoli et al. (2020) developed a natural heater using bamboo. The microchannels in the bamboo were washed and dried using water and a pump, followed by filling the empty inside with Ag ink through the vacuum-assisted coating. ...
Cellulose-based electrothermal heaters combine a cellulose substrate with a heat generator to transform electrical energy into heat via the Joule effect and offer the benefits of biodegradability, flexibility, low cost, and excellent mechanical properties. Considering the ever-increasing demand for sustainable materials, clean energy, and comfortable heating, cellulose-based electrothermal heaters are considered promising solutions. This review discusses the latest developments in different types of cellulose-based multifunctional electrothermal heaters, methods of fabrication (dip coating, vacuum filtration, spray coating, screen printing, stamping, drawing, wet spinning, freeze-drying, hot-press, and solution casting), and the characterization techniques used to evaluate their multifunctional aspects such as electromagnetic interference shielding, durability, and hydrophobicity.
... The most prominent band at 952cm −1 can be attributed to COOH out-of-plane deformation vibration of the carboxylic acid group [38]. Also prominent is the carboxylate symmetric stretching band at 1412cm −1 and the carbon-carbon stretching mode at 840cm −1 [39]. Phosphate shows a major band at 990cm −1 due to the P-O stretching of phosphate [38,[40][41][42] along with bands at 1078cm −1 and 877cm −1 , which can be attributed to the symmetrical P(OH) 2 stretching vibration and the in-plane PO 2 [41]. ...
Monitoring the protein concentration and buffer composition during the Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration (UF/DF) step enables the further automation of biopharmaceutical production and supports Real-time Release Testing (RTRT). Previously, in-line Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR) measurements have been used to successfully monitor the protein concentration over a large range. The progress of the diafiltration step has been monitored with density measurements and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). Raman spectroscopy is capable of measuring both the protein and excipient concentration while being more robust and suitable for production measurements in comparison to Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). Regardless of the spectroscopic sensor used, the low concentration of excipients poses a challenge for the sensors. By combining sensor measurements with a semi-mechanistic model through an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), the sensitivity to determine the progress of the diafiltration can be improved. In this study, Raman measurements are combined with an EKF for three case studies. The advantages of Kalman-filtered Raman measurements for excipient monitoring are shown in comparison to density measurements. Furthermore, Raman measurements showed a higher measurement speed in comparison to Variable Pathlength (VP) UV measurement at the trade-off of a slightly worse prediction accuracy for the protein concentration. However, the Raman-based protein concentration measurements relied mostly on an increase in the background signal during the process and not on proteinaceous features, which could pose a challenge due to the potential influence of batch variability on the background signal. Overall, the combination of Raman spectroscopy and EKF is a promising tool for monitoring the UF/DF step and enables process automation by using adaptive process control.
... Bamboo is a multi-functional material in its multiple scales with outstanding mechanical and chemical performance. Due to this, it has been used in diverse areas, such as civil engineering, construction material, textile industry, semiconductor materiails (Pandoli et al. 2020), and handicrafts (Valani et al. 2020). Such multi-functionality is a result of a complex chemical and physical composition network. ...
The focus of this paper is to provide a fast and reliable quantification method of bamboo’s main chemical components. Therefore, thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine holocellulose and lignin content in different bamboo specimens. The influence of nitrogen vs. air atmospheres was investigated on the thermal degradation behavior of Phyllostachys edulis (Moso), Bambusa vulgaris (BV) and Iranian Phyllostachys (IR) bamboos. Due to peaks overlapping, the deconvolution process was carried out to resolve hidden peaks and to allow adequate phase quantification. Also, a set of machine learning (ML) algorithms was applied to predict the composition of the studied bamboos within the 200–500 °C range in their TGA-DTG profiles. The ensembles of the ML models at R² > 0.99 proved a connection between the features in thermogravimetric curves with two concentrations of the main components, which were preliminarily established by means of chemical extraction from the respective samples.
... Based on the above discussion, it is reasonable to conclude that the enhanced electrocatalytic performance of PtTe PNCs depends on the following three aspects. (i) The 1D PtTe PNCs are constructed from the special segmented porous nanostructure, which not only possess robust structural durability but also exhibit high electronic conductivity and rapid electron/mass transport ability [46]. Furthermore, small-sized nanoparticles with numerous active (111) facets are also significant factors for this outstanding activity. ...
Morphology engineering has been developed as one of the most widely used strategies for improving the performance of electrocatalysts. However, the harsh reaction conditions and cumbersome reaction steps during the nanomaterials synthesis still limit their industrial applications. Herein, one-dimensional (1D) novel-segmented PtTe porous nanochains (PNCs) were successfully synthesized by the template methods assisted by Pt autocatalytic reduction. The PtTe PNCs consist of consecutive mesoporous architectures that provide a large electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and abundant active sites to enhance methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Furthermore, 1D nanostructure as a robust sustaining frame can maintain a high mass/charge transfer rate in a long-term durability test. After 2,000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles, the ECSA value of PtTe PNCs remained as high as 44.47 m²·gPt–1, which was much larger than that of commercial Pt/C (3.95 m²·gPt–1). The high catalytic activity and durability of PtTe PNCs are also supported by CO stripping test and density functional theory calculation. This autocatalytic reduction-assisted synthesis provides new insights for designing efficient low-dimensional nanocatalysts.
... μCT images have been useful to rebuild the physical 3D structure of the parenchyma by stereolithography printing, to characterize its mechanical properties and structure-property relationships [33]. μCT has also been used as a powerful tool to identify a regioselective metal coating into bamboo biological structures, such as vascular bundles [34,35] and parenchyma cells [26,36]. This chapter will present several 3D devices obtained from two kinds of engineered bamboo-based biomass: natural bamboo and carbonized bamboo. ...
... Third, with a simple and low-cost silver ink internal coating it is possible to transform an insulating natural bamboo into a high conductive biocomposite material for electric and electrochemical applications. Bambootronics devices will be described, such as electrical 3D circuits, a microfluidic heater, and a fully integrated micro electrochemical cell [35]. To improve the electrical and photothermal properties of bamboo, pyrolytic processes are explored to transform the crystalline phase of cellulose into conductive graphitic carbon. ...
... The fabrication of electrical circuits is a crucial aspect in the development of electrical and electrochemical devices on lignocellulosic substrates, such as bamboo [35]. Bamboo offers a unique platform to create a plethora of devices with unique properties when compared to traditional substrates, such as paper. ...
Using conventional microfabrication processes to obtain well-aligned arrays of microfluidic channels is very challenging and costly. Nature, on the other hand, is unique in creating complex hierarchical architectures. For instance, some wood-derived materials have aligned microchannels that may be explored to add new functions to these biological templates, expanding their uses toward greener electronic, biological, and energy devices. To explore novel hierarchical architectures, the 3D anisotropic structure of bamboo has been recently used as a bio-template for the fabrication of functional bio-devices, adding new functionalities to this natural material. Bamboo is a monocotyledon plant that shows high growth speed and that is widespread in tropical regions. It is considered an abundant and low-cost lignocellulosic natural resource that possesses fast microfluidic dynamics, good mechanical strength, lightweight, and high content of crystalline cellulose. Moreover, it can be pyrolyzed to become thermally and electrically conductive. From the anatomic point of view, bamboo is an anisotropic gradient functional material with an atactostele microarray channel system constituted by a complex of vascular bundles (metaxylem, protoxylem, and phloem) protected by lignocellulosic fibers (sclerenchyma) embedded into a matrix of living cells tissue (parenchyma). The vascular vessels are radially distributed from the inner to the outer wall of the internode culm with diameters ranging from 50 to 200 µm. As the bamboo microchannel arrays allow the flow of different types of fluids, passively or actively, through capillarity, vacuum, or pumping, this opens a plethora of possibilities. The lignocellulosic walls of the microchannels and the parenchymatous living cells can be functionalized to build up novel devices for environmental, health, chemical, and energy applications. Natural bamboo bio-templates decorated with plasmonic nanoparticles (Ag and Pd-NPs) have been used as a plasmonic system for solar steam generation. Conductive silver ink was used to achieve a regioselective coating of the 3D hollow channel for the prototyping of electric circuits, microfluidic heaters, and fully integrated micro electrochemical cells. Finally, new chemical functionalities have been added to the bamboo bio-template to obtain a chemical platform for analytical applications and click chemical reactions. Bamboo carbonized by pyrolysis was used as a 3D solar vapor-generation device for water desalination and also as a monolithic air cathode for microbial fuel cell applications. Therefore, bamboo stands as a promising natural template for devices that demand and take advantage of hierarchical architectures and microarray channels. It can be explored as raw or as carbonized material for scalable production of eco-friendly, sustainable, low-cost, and portable chemical, electronic, and electrochemical bio-devices. These bioinspired solutions could fulfill industrial demands for greener chemical, electronic, and energy applications.
