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Oligochitosan induced production of NO and H 2 O 2 of B. napus L. (a) The cells loaded with DAF-2DA. (b) The cells loaded with DAF-2DA before treatment with oligochitosan. (c) The cells loaded with DAF-2DA before co-treatment with oligochitosan and L-NAME. (d) The cells loaded with H 2 DCF-DA. (e) The cells loaded with H 2 DCF- DA before treatment with oligochitosan. (f) The cells loaded with H 2 DCF DA before co-treatment with oligochitosan and CAT. (g) The cells loaded with H 2 DCF-DA before cotreatment with oligochitosan and L-NAME. (h) The cells loaded with DAF-2DA before co-treatment with oligochitosan and CAT.
Source publication
NO (nitric oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) are important signaling molecule in plants. Brassica napus L. was used to understand oligochitosan inducing production of NO (nitric oxide) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) and their physiological function. The result showed that the production of NO and H2O2 in epidermal cells of B. napus L. was induced w...
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... production of NO and H 2 O 2 in B. napus L. epidermal cells, the NO-sensitive fluorescent indicator DAF-2DA and H 2 O 2 -sensitive fluorescent indicator H 2 DCF-DA were used. It was found that oligochitosan could enhance the level of intracellular DAF-2DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating production of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... fluorescent indicator H 2 DCF-DA were used. It was found that oligochitosan could enhance the level of intracellular DAF-2DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating production of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... L. leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating production of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... results also showed that oligochitosan caused an increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluorescence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... caused an increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluorescence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluorescence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells was substantially prevented by L-NAME (Fig. 1g). As shown in Fig. 1h exogenous application of oligochitosan and CAT together inhibited the relative fluorescence intensity of DAF-2DA in epidermal cells. To find the effects of NO and oligochitosan on stomatal aperture of B. napus L. leaves, the leaves were sprayed dH 2 O (control), SNP, oligochitosan, oligochitosan and ...
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... H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells was substantially prevented by L-NAME (Fig. 1g). As shown in Fig. 1h exogenous application of oligochitosan and CAT together inhibited the relative fluorescence intensity of DAF-2DA in epidermal cells. To find the effects of NO and oligochitosan on stomatal aperture of B. napus L. leaves, the leaves were sprayed dH 2 O (control), SNP, oligochitosan, oligochitosan and ...
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... ( Kojima et al., 1998). Similarly, H 2 DCF is rapidly oxidized to the highly green fluorescent DCF by intracellular H 2 O 2 (Allan & Fluhr, 1997). By fluorescence microscopy, oligochitosan and inhibitors, L-NAME and CAT, we proved that the NO fluorescence and H 2 O 2 fluorescence of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan were very striking (Fig. 1b and e) over the control ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells induced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation ...
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... H 2 DCF is rapidly oxidized to the highly green fluorescent DCF by intracellular H 2 O 2 (Allan & Fluhr, 1997). By fluorescence microscopy, oligochitosan and inhibitors, L-NAME and CAT, we proved that the NO fluorescence and H 2 O 2 fluorescence of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan were very striking (Fig. 1b and e) over the control ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells induced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation induced by oligochitosan ( Fig. 1g and ...
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... control ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells induced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation induced by oligochitosan ( Fig. 1g and h), which showed that there was cross-talk in NO and H 2 O 2 ...
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... of NO and H 2 O 2 in B. napus L. epidermal cells, the NO-sensitive fluores- cent indicator DAF-2DA and H 2 O 2 -sensitive fluorescent indicator H 2 DCF-DA were used. It was found that oligochitosan could en- hance the level of intracellular DAF-2DA fluorescence in epider- mal cells of B. napus L. leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating pro- duction of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... indicator H 2 DCF-DA were used. It was found that oligochitosan could en- hance the level of intracellular DAF-2DA fluorescence in epider- mal cells of B. napus L. leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating pro- duction of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... leaves, indicating massive production of NO (Fig. 1b). However, the DAF-2DA fluorescence indicating pro- duction of NO was faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with DAF-2DA (Fig. 1a). The results also indicated that L-NAME could inhibit the level of DAF-2DA fluorescence in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. ...
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... results also showed that oligochitosan caused an increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluores- cence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... caused an increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluores- cence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... increase of intracellular H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of leaves of B. napus L., indicating the production of H 2 O 2 . Fluores- cence became visible in the epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan (Fig. 1e), but the fluorescence was very faint in the epidermal cells only loaded with H 2 DCF-DA (Fig. 1d). The Fig. 1f showed that CAT could inhibit the level of H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells of B. napus L. leaves treated with ...
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... H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells was substantially prevented by L-NAME (Fig. 1g). As shown in Fig. 1h exogenous application of oligochitosan and CAT to- gether inhibited the relative fluorescence intensity of DAF-2DA in epidermal cells. To find the effects of NO and oligochitosan on stomatal aperture of B. napus L. leaves, the leaves were sprayed dH 2 O (control), SNP, oligochitosan, oligochitosan and ...
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... H 2 DCF-DA fluorescence in epidermal cells was substantially prevented by L-NAME (Fig. 1g). As shown in Fig. 1h exogenous application of oligochitosan and CAT to- gether inhibited the relative fluorescence intensity of DAF-2DA in epidermal cells. To find the effects of NO and oligochitosan on stomatal aperture of B. napus L. leaves, the leaves were sprayed dH 2 O (control), SNP, oligochitosan, oligochitosan and ...
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... et al., 1998). Similarly, H 2 DCF is rapidly oxidized to the highly green fluorescent DCF by intracel- lular H 2 O 2 (Allan & Fluhr, 1997). By fluorescence microscopy, olig- ochitosan and inhibitors, L-NAME and CAT, we proved that the NO fluorescence and H 2 O 2 fluorescence of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan were very striking (Fig. 1b and e) over the con- trol ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells in- duced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation ...
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... is rapidly oxidized to the highly green fluorescent DCF by intracel- lular H 2 O 2 (Allan & Fluhr, 1997). By fluorescence microscopy, olig- ochitosan and inhibitors, L-NAME and CAT, we proved that the NO fluorescence and H 2 O 2 fluorescence of B. napus L. leaves treated with oligochitosan were very striking (Fig. 1b and e) over the con- trol ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells in- duced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation induced by olig- ochitosan ( Fig. 1g ...
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... trol ( Fig. 1a and d), respectively. These results were in agreement with the results of production of NO and H 2 O 2 in tobacco cells in- duced by oligochitosan ( Zhao et al., 2007a,b). In addition, L-NAME inhibited H 2 O 2 production accumulation induced by oligochitosan, and CAT inhibited NO production accumulation induced by olig- ochitosan ( Fig. 1g and h), which showed that there was cross-talk in NO and H 2 O 2 ...
Citations
... A-chitin has anti-parallel chains, whereas β-chitin has parallel chains forming monoclinic crystals with intramolecular H-bonds and intermolecular H-bonds [14]. Li et al. [15] reported that a chitin/cellulose nanofiber complex (CCNFC), which was the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, the synthesis of jasmonate, the increase of cell walls' lignification, the production of phytoalexins, and the accumulation of defense-related proteinases inhibitors, as well as the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and salicylic acid [51][52][53][54]. Zhang et al. [55] reported that oligochitosan could decrease black spots on tomato fruits, while Deng et al. [56] suggested that a preharvest application of oligochitosan can be an important substitute to conventional control practices for the prevention of post-harvest anthracnose in navel oranges. ...
... O chitosan can activate a plant's innate immunity via signal transduction, signal percep and the oligochitosan response to proteins and genes, thus leading to accumulatio defense-related secondary metabolites [49,50]. It can elicit different defense responses cluding the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, the synthesis of jasmonate, the incr of cell walls' lignification, the production of phytoalexins, and the accumulation of fense-related proteinases inhibitors, as well as the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and salicylic acid [51][52][53][54]. Zhang et al. [55] reported that oligochitosan could crease black spots on tomato fruits, while Deng et al. [56] suggested that a preharves plication of oligochitosan can be an important substitute to conventional control prac for the prevention of post-harvest anthracnose in navel oranges. ...
Chitosan is illustrated in research as a stimulant of plant tolerance and resistance that promotes natural defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stressors, and its use may lessen the amount of agrochemicals utilized in agriculture. Recent literature reports indicate the high efficacy of soil or foliar usage of chitin and chitosan in the promotion of plant growth and the induction of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in various species, such as Artemisia annua, Curcuma longa, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Catharanthus roseus, Fragaria × ananassa, Ginkgo biloba, Iberis amara, Isatis tinctoria, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Psammosilene tunicoides, Salvia officinalis, Satureja isophylla, Stevia rebaudiana, and Sylibum marianum, among others. This work focuses on the outstanding scientific contributions to the field of the production and quality of aromatic and medicinal plants, based on the different functions of chitosan and chitin in sustainable crop production. The application of chitosan can lead to increased medicinal plant production and protects plants against harmful microorganisms. The effectiveness of chitin and chitosan is also due to the low concentration required, low cost, and environmental safety. On the basis of showing such considerable characteristics, there is increasing attention on the application of chitin and chitosan biopolymers in horticulture and agriculture productions.
... Chitosan treatment induced the production and accumulation of H 2 O 2 in several species (Lin et al., 2005;Li et al., 2009;Mejıá-Teniente et al., 2013). However, in our results COS treatment did not increase H 2 O 2 in well-watered plants. ...
... Some authors have shown that hydrogen peroxide elicited by chitosan treatment has a key role in stomata closure signalling and detected accumulation of H 2 O 2 in guard cells (Iriti et al., 2009;Li et al., 2009;Srivastava et al., 2009). Thus, the authors showed that chitosan has antitranspirant activity due to the H 2 O 2 accumulation and it is this feature the main reason to propose it to face drought stress. ...
Introduction
Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite well-known for its use in the treatment of malaria. It also displays other antimicrobial activities which further increase its interest. At present, Artemisia annua is the sole commercial source of the substance, and its production is limited, leading to a global deficit in supply. Furthermore, the cultivation of A. annua is being threatened by climate change. Specifically, drought stress is a major concern for plant development and productivity, but, on the other hand, moderate stress levels can elicit the production of secondary metabolites, with a putative synergistic interaction with elicitors such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Therefore, the development of strategies to increase yield has prompted much interest. With this aim, the effects on artemisinin production under drought stress and treatment with COS, as well as physiological changes in A. annua plants are presented in this study.
Methods
Plants were separated into two groups, well-watered (WW) and drought-stressed (DS) plants, and in each group, four concentrations of COS were applied (0, 50,100 and 200 mg•L-1). Afterwards, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 9 days.
Results
Therefore, when A. annua was well watered, COS did not improve plant growth, and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes hindered the production of artemisinin. On the other hand, during drought stress, COS treatment did not alleviate the decline in growth at any concentration tested. However, higher doses improved the water status since leaf water potential (YL) improved by 50.64% and relative water content (RWC) by 33.84% compared to DS plants without COS treatment. Moreover, the combination of COS and drought stress caused damage to the plant’s antioxidant enzyme defence, particularly APX and GR, and reduced the amount of phenols and flavonoids. This resulted in increased ROS production and enhanced artemisinin content by 34.40% in DS plants treated with 200 mg•L-1 COS, compared to control plants.
Conclusion
These findings underscore the critical role of ROS in artemisinin biosynthesis and suggest that COS treatment may boost artemisinin yield in crop production, even under drought conditions.
... Several studies have shown the ability of some carbohydrates to promote stomatal closure. Li et al. revealed that the application of oligochitosans on the epidermal cells of Brassica napus L. induces the closure of stomata, depending on the production of H 2 O 2 and nitric oxide (NO) [73]. Moreover, the application of laminarin exhibited a significant reduction in stomatal opening on grapevine leaves, whereas sulfated laminarin showed no inhibitory effect, regardless of the concentration [71]. ...
Alginates extracted from two Moroccan brown seaweeds and their derivatives were
investigated for their ability to induce phenolic metabolism in the roots and leaves of tomato seedlings. Sodium alginates (ALSM and ALCM) were extracted from the brown seaweeds Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides, respectively. Low-molecular-weight alginates (OASM and OACM) were obtained after radical hydrolysis of the native alginates. Elicitation was carried out by foliar spraying 20 mL of aqueous solutions (1 g/L) on 45-day-old tomato seedlings. Elicitor capacities
were evaluated by monitoring phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, polyphenols, and lignin production in the roots and leaves after 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. The molecular weights (Mw) of the different fractions were 202 kDa for ALSM, 76 kDa for ALCM, 19 kDa for OACM, and 3 kDa for OASM. FTIR analysis revealed that the structures of OACM and OASM did not change after oxidative degradation of the native alginates. These molecules showed their differential capacity to induce natural defenses in tomato seedlings by increasing PAL activity and through the accumulation of polyphenol and lignin content in the leaves and roots. The oxidative alginates (OASM and OACM) exhibited an effective induction of the key enzyme of phenolic metabolism (PAL) compared to the alginate polymers (ALSM and ALCM). These results suggest that low-molecular-weight alginates
may be good candidates for stimulating the natural defenses of plants.
... Similar results were obtained in chitosan-induced resistance to osmotic stress in rice (Pongprayoon et al. 2013), apple seedling (Yang et al. 2009), maize (Lizárraga-Paulín et al. 2011. Additionally, chitosan treatment enhances the capacity of plant roots to absorb water by increasing root growth (Zeng and Luo 2012), improving photosynthetic activities, and increased antioxidant enzymes activity (Li et al. 2008), thus alleviating the adverse effects of water stress. The present study was undertaken to determine whether chitosan can alleviate the negative effects of water stress in mungbean plants. ...
The main focus of our experiment was to understand the ameliorative effect of chitosan seed priming on different levels of water potential (water stress). Treatment with three levels of polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced water stress (− 0.3, − 0.4, and − 0.5 MPa) reduced seedling parameters, such as germination, mean germination time, shoot length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll content, α-amylase, and caused lipid peroxidation through increased MDA content. Seedlings treated with chitosan (0.15%) improved all the basic morpho-physiological attributes. Also, in seedlings subjected to stress condition, treatment with chitosan alleviated the water stress which is reflected through increased antioxidative system such as SOD and CAT, increased proline level, reduced MDA accumulation and increased activity of α-amylase, offering strong defense mechanism, stress-protective metabolites, and better seed storage mobilization so as to facilitate seed germination ability and overall improved growth with higher tolerance to water stress. Meanwhile, the histochemical localization of H2O2 and superoxide radical O2− showed reduced accumulation of ROS in chitosan-treated leaves. The results indicated that chitosan treatment alleviated the adverse effects of water stress imposed at three levels of water potential.
... In drought or dehydration stress, chitosan treatment reduces the negative effects of water stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme (Li et al. 2008), production and strengthening water absorption capacity through increased root growth (Zeng and Luo 2012) and increased photosynthetic activities (Li et al. 2008). It was reported to increase yield and its attributes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), potato (Solanum tuberosum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under control or stress conditions (Farouk and Amany 2012;Abu-Muriefah 2013;Hadwiger 2013).When applied hydroponically to common bean, chitosan can alter root and shoot morphology as well as mineral accumulation in plant biomass (Chatelain et al. 2014). ...
... In drought or dehydration stress, chitosan treatment reduces the negative effects of water stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme (Li et al. 2008), production and strengthening water absorption capacity through increased root growth (Zeng and Luo 2012) and increased photosynthetic activities (Li et al. 2008). It was reported to increase yield and its attributes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), potato (Solanum tuberosum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) under control or stress conditions (Farouk and Amany 2012;Abu-Muriefah 2013;Hadwiger 2013).When applied hydroponically to common bean, chitosan can alter root and shoot morphology as well as mineral accumulation in plant biomass (Chatelain et al. 2014). ...
Drought is one of the important abiotic stress factors that affect crop productivity worldwide. In recent years, applications of biopolymer chitosan on plants have received attention due to their biostimulant activity and ability to elicit a defense response to stress. The current study investigates the effect of seed priming and foliar application, or both, under drought stress in pot experiments. The optimal concentration of chitosan was determined through morpho-physiological attributes and carried forward for seed priming and foliar application under drought stress in pot experiments for two consecutive years. Morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield attributes were investigated in two genotypes of mungbean which were previously screened for drought tolerant and susceptibility. Results revealed that drought stress considerably reduced plant growth parameters, relative water content, and increased oxidative stress markers such as proline, H2O2 and MDA leading to reduced yield attributes. However, chitosan application significantly mitigates these effects. Both seed priming and foliar-applied chitosan in both the genotypes significantly improved all the studied parameters through increased antioxidant enzymes like SOD, CAT and APX in drought stress plants. The combination of both seed priming and foliar application of chitosan most significantly improved drought-induced responses which are reflected through improvement in morpho-physiological, biochemical attributes, increased antioxidative enzyme activities and improved yield in both the tolerant and susceptible genotypes.
... Various studies indicate that chitosan oligosaccharides may exhibit Communicated by A. Krolicka. more pronounced effects on plant growth and physiology (Li et al. 2009;Muley et al. 2019b). This may be attributed to altered physicochemical properties (size, density, and surface area) of irradiated chitosan (ICH) that enable a more efficient cross-talk between COS and cell membranes (Kim and Rajapakse 2005;Muley et al. 2019a). ...
... Moreover, it has been reported that chitosan can act as a signalling molecule and a growth promoter for various plants (Mukarram et al. 2021a, b). COS seem to be involved in a complex cascade of signal transduction associated with various plant phenomena that could result in a positive modulation of overall plant growth and defence (Choudhary et al. 2017;Li et al. 2009;Malerba and Cerana 2016;Nabi et al. 2022;Zou et al. 2015). However, the exact mechanism is unknown. ...
Chitosan is a poly-(d)-glucosamine that has multiple biomedical, horticultural, or agricultural applications. However , the modifications of its physicochemical properties such as size, density, or surface area by controlled irradiation have started to be explored by biotechnological companies as it seems to improve its beneficial properties and extend its applications. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats) is an aromatic plant widely grown for its essential oil (EO). The present study had the goal to evaluate if the exogenous foliar application of irradiated chitosan (ICH) at different concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg L −1) can exert beneficial effects in the 150-day-old lemongrass plants. The analyses of growth and photosynthetic parameters, leaf-nitrogen, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, as well as the content of total EO including neral and citral, indicated that 120 mg L −1 ICH concentration was most efficient to trigger a general activation of lemongrass metabolism characterised by an increase in dry biomass (37%), enzymatic antioxidant system, e.g., catalase (22%), peroxidase (18%) and superoxide dismutase activities (19%), and content of EO (40%) including neral (72%) and citral (26%), over the control. A similar eliciting pattern was observed in the chlorophyll content (25%), net photosynthetic rate (41%), and stomatal conductance (39%) over the control, with the foliar application of 120 mg L −1 of ICH. Overall, the data indicate that ICH elicits lemongrass physiology and opens new possibilities for its biotechnological application on other plant species with agronomic potential.
... Oligochitosan is an authoritative plant defense elicitor (Turner et al. 2002) that can induce the expression of the B. napus MAPK gene BnOIPK ). The accumulation of NO and H 2 O 2 in the leaves of B. napus could be activated by oligochitosan (Li et al. 2009). The results of RT-PCR showed that NO could induce the expression of BnOIPK and increase the amount of BnOIPK transcripts rapidly in B. napus leaves treated with oligochitosan . ...
Main conclusion
This review describes the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascade components, which further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules.
Abstract
Plants have evolved complex and sophisticated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades that are engaged in response to environmental stress. There is currently compelling experimental evidence that gaseous signaling molecules are involved in MAPK cascades. During stress, nitric oxide (NO) activates MAPK cascades to transmit stimulus signals, and MAPK cascades also regulate NO biosynthesis to mediate NO-dependent physiological processes. Activated MAPK cascades lead to phosphorylation of specific sites of aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase to regulate the ethylene biosynthesis-signaling pathway. Hydrogen sulfide functions upstream of MAPKs and regulates the MAPK signaling pathway at the transcriptional level. Here, we describe the function and signal transduction of gaseous signaling molecules involved in MAPK cascades and focus on introducing and discussing the recent data obtained in this field concerning the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascades. In addition, this article outlines the direction and challenges of future work and further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules.
... Inhibitors of NO and ROS production, as well as Ca 2+ chelators, restrict CHT-induced stomatal closure confirming their crucial role in that process (Srivastava et al., 2009). Accumulation of ROS like H 2 O 2 and availability of cytosolic NAD(P)H were demonstrated to be necessary for stomatal closure induced by CHT, in which levels of ROS started to increase not more than after 5 min, while NO in 10 min in guard cells Li et al., 2009;Srivastava et al., 2009). Oxidative burst triggered by CHT, in general, shows a peak in the first hours after treatment. ...
Plant defence responses can be triggered by the application of elicitors for example chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine; CHT). It is well-known that CHT induces rapid, local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) resulting in fast stomatal closure. Systemic defence responses are based primarily on phytohormones such as ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), moreover on the expression of hormone-mediated defence genes and proteins. At the same time, these responses can be dependent also on external factors, such as light but its role was less-investigated. Based on our result in intact tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), CHT treatment not only induced significant ET emission and stomatal closure locally but also promoted significant production of superoxide which was also detectable in the distal, systemic leaves. However, these changes in ET and superoxide accumulation were detected only in wild type (WT) plants kept in light and were inhibited under darkness as well as in ET receptor Never ripe (Nr) mutants suggesting pivotal importance of ET and light in inducing resistance both locally and systemically upon CHT. Interestingly, CHT-induced NO production was mostly independent of ET or light. At the same time, expression of Pathogenesis-related 3 (PR3) was increased locally in both genotypes in the light and in WT leaves under darkness. This was also observed in distal leaves of WT plants. The CHT-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as unfolded protein response (UPR) were examined for the first time, via analysis of the lumenal binding protein (BiP). Whereas local expression of BiP was not dependent on the availability of light or ET, systemically it was mediated by ET.
... The combined application of oligochitosan and ε-poly-L-lysine in tomato plants showed synergistic effects against Botrytis cinerea infections both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, suggesting their use as a bio-fungicide alternative to synthetic fungicides [159]. Moreover, Li et al. [160] suggested that oligochitosan induced the production of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in Brassica napus L. plants, which acted as signaling molecules in the regulation of stomata closure and the expression of LEA protein gene for the protection against drought. Apart from protective effects, oligochitosan may improve the functional properties of vegetable products, as already reported in case of white radish sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.) where seed germination with oligochitosan-treated water resulted in a significant increase in the most abundant glucosinolate, e.g., glucoraphasatin [161]. ...
Chitin and chitosan are natural compounds that are biodegradable and nontoxic and have gained noticeable attention due to their effective contribution to increased yield and agro-environmental sustainability. Several effects have been reported for chitosan application in plants. Particularly, it can be used in plant defense systems against biological and environmental stress conditions and as a plant growth promoter—it can increase stomatal conductance and reduce transpiration or be applied as a coating material in seeds. Moreover, it can be effective in promoting chitinolytic microorganisms and prolonging storage life through post-harvest treatments, or benefit nutrient delivery to plants since it may prevent leaching and improve slow release of nutrients in fertilizers. Finally, it can remediate polluted soils through the removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals and the improvement of soil properties. On the other hand, chitin also has many beneficial effects such as plant growth promotion, improved plant nutrition and ability to modulate and improve plants’ resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors. The present review presents a literature overview regarding the effects of chitin, chitosan and derivatives on horticultural crops, highlighting their important role in modern sustainable crop production; the main limitations as well as the future prospects of applications of this particular biostimulant category are also presented.
... Both ROS and NO is key mediator in the plant defense response to pathogen attacks. In plants ROS and NO also could be enhanced by different oligosaccharides [44,45]. Exogenously applied OGAs generated ROS [9] and NO to protect Arabidopsis [10] against Botrytis cinerea. ...
Oligogalacturonides (OGAs) are a biologically active carbohydrate derived from homogalacturonan, a major element of cell wall pectin. OGAs induced resistance and mechanism were assessed in Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) interaction. The effective resistance was mainly observed at 25 mg/L OGAs with reduced disease index, bacterial multiplication, higher transcript level of salicylic acid (SA) pathway related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathway related genes (PDF1.2, VSP2) as well as SA, JA content and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO). In SA (NahG, sid2) and JA (jar1) deficient mutants, disease severity indicated that both SA and JA pathways are necessary for Arabidopsis response to Pst DC3000. OGAs triggered less resistance to Pst DC3000 in JA-deficient mutant, and SA-deficient mutants signifying that SA and JA play redundant roles in OGAs induced resistance. Therefore, these evidences further reveal the signaling pathways of OGAs resistance, which is conducive to its application in agriculture to protect plants from diseases.
