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Development of tight formations would be one of the main priority for petroleum industries due to the enormous demand to the fossil fuels in various industries. In this paper, we provided a set of experiments on the generated foams by carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2), cyclic CO2 injection, water alternating gas injection (WAG), active carbona...
Citations
... The use of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N2), cyclic CO, a combination of water and gas (WAG), and active carbonated water injection are also often used. Guilin Yang at.all [12] has conducted research on the use of a combination of water and gas (WAG) as an injection fluid which has succeeded in increasing recovery up to 74% in an oil field. However, in this research, an attempt was made to simulate the use of suspended wells for production wells and injection wells, so that project costs can be reduced more cheaply and more efficiently. ...
The "BDS" oil field volumetrically has Original Oil in Place (OOIP) of 56.84 MMSTB. This field has produced 20.45 MMSTB with a current recovery factor (RF) value of 35.89%. Because the remaining reserves are still large, this field is still suitable for development. The type of driving force is a water drive with very high water production, where the water cut is more than 95% so that it has the potential to carry out secondary recovery projects using the waterflooding method using reservoir simulation. Optimization is carried out by changing the reactivated suspended well into a production well and changing it into an injection well. This effort is intended to obtain an optimum scenario for the water injection project. Specifically, the aim of this research is to utilize suspended wells to become production wells and injection wells as well as to overcome the problem of surface formation water waste with limited water treatment facilities.
... In combustion, different fossil fuels release different amounts of carbon dioxide for the same level of energy use: oil releases about 50% more carbon dioxide than natural gas, and coal releases about two times that amount. Nuclear energy does not generate carbon dioxide emissions, but it produces other dangerous waste products [3]. ...
Hydroenergy is developed due to its low-cost and near-zero pollution emission properties; therefore, the efficient management of hydroenergy is an important goal of sustainable development for any nation, especially for China, since it owns the most abundant water resources around the world. Developing hydroenergy is not only an effective response to the energy crisis but also a positive way to cope with climate change in China. Nevertheless, research on hydroenergy in China is still not comprehensive. This study reviews hydroenergy development in China by combining its geographical characteristics and hydroenergy reserves. The general condition of hydropower development including large- and medium-scale hydropower stations and small hydropower development is presented. This article illuminates the potential problems and existing challenges in China’s hydropower development and relevant exploitation suggestions are provided for hydropower development in the future.
With increasing global energy demand and the urgency to reduce carbon emissions, carbonated water injection has been proposed to tackle these pressing concerns. Carbonated water injection (CWI) in oil formations enhances oil production to support the global energy mix and tackle the issues of energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability. However, CWI in oil reservoirs and saline aquifers initiates multiple chemical reactions that promote carbon mineralization, cause formation damage problems, sea-bed subsidence, and reservoir compaction, increase the injection pressure requirement, and consequently affect the practicality of CWI for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage. We therefore extensively reviewed the performance of CWI for EOR and CO2 storage and the implications of these interactions on EOR and CO2 storage. The analysis covered recent advancements in CWI, including its synergy with various EOR techniques where it was identified that combining CWI with surfactants, polymers, mutual solvents, and nanomaterials significantly improved oil recovery in tight formations (37–65%) compared to standalone CWI (35–36%), but the CO2 storage potential of the hybrid technique remains unexplored. Additionally, the complex geochemical interactions that occur during CWI, the influencing variables of these interactions, and their consequence on EOR and CO2 storage were discussed. The rigorous analysis revealed that the existing literature lacks consensus on the effects of CWI on pore structure. Geochemical interactions caused a −12% to +95% porosity change and a −96% to +417% alteration in permeability. Primarily, economic challenges including CO2 capture and transportation costs, carbonated water preparation, etc., and corrosion concerns hinder the large-scale implementation of CWI. Notwithstanding, the findings from the life cycle assessment of CWI suggested the economic viability of CWI and highlighted the importance of adopting the innovative CWI technique to achieve dual objectives of maximizing oil recovery and minimizing environmental footprints in the oil and gas industry. Multiple areas that require further investigation such as investigating the influence of condensable and incondensable contaminants on well integrity and safe CO2 storage among others were presented.
