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Solar energy can be harvested to generate electric power by photovoltaic (PV) panels. In applications where electricity is required, it can be a legitimate consideration. Solar PV system that provides Energy supply to an energy demand installation/building. Furthermore, solar PV energy systems have provided the versatility solution for many sectors...
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This paper presents photovoltaic system as a stand-alone electric power plant in the renewable energy development. To maximize these stand-alone generators, it is necessary to design photovoltaic modeling to produce energy and maximum power. The problems that exist in the design of PV systems are PV configuration, battery size, and the maximum powe...
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... Across residential areas in Nigeria, the consumption of electricity is about 55.4 percent of the total electricity consumption, according to data published in 2018 and 2019 [2][20] [22]. This could be a result of the Development in the social-economic sector, which has made energy an indispensable resource [4][5] [6] [8] . ...
... Across residential areas in Nigeria, the consumption of electricity is about 55.4 percent of the total electricity consumption, according to data published in 2018 and 2019 [2][20] [22]. This could be a result of the Development in the social-economic sector, which has made energy an indispensable resource [4][5] [6] [8] . ...
An energy audit is the key to a methodical approach for decision-making in the area of energy management. Energy management and energy audit is conducted to use energy wisely, this leads to reduction in money spent on energy at a given institution, if the techniques recommendations given by the energy audit team are used. Through efficient energy management and auditing methods, environment can be protected, energy and money can be saved without affecting the quality work in any sector. This work briefly describes the importance of energy audit and energy management in Akwa Ibom State University (AKSU) main campus. Also, Off-grid (stand-alone) photovoltaic (PV) systems have become widely adopted as reliable option for electrical energy generation. In this paper, the electrical energy demand (load) of Akwa Ibom State University's main campus was estimated based on watt-hour energy demands. The estimated load is 6021 kWh/ day, and 4380kwh/day when energy management techniques are applied. An off grid PV system was designed based on the estimated load, where the PV components: PV modules, number of batteries, a voltage regulators and an inverter were sized accordingly. The cost estimate of the PV system is relatively high when compared to that of the fossil fuel generator used by the University. The payback period of the system is estimated to be 6.4 years and 4.6 years (when management techniques are applied), which is obviously much shorter than the lifespan of the selected PV module which is 30 years.
... The goal of such a system is to supply electricity for the AC electrical loads directly during the sunlight period, where the grid is backup support to the PV system. In addition, the on-grid system can inject all excess generated energy from the PV into the grid (Figure 2 (b)) (Alkhalidi & Dulaimi, 2018). This injection of energy offers the system owner the opportunity to sell all surplus power to the local network service provider, which further reduces the electricity bills and the overall network emission. ...
Recently, with the birth of globalization, the world has witnessed a huge growth in its energy consumption. From an agricultural society, the world has transformed itself into an industrial and knowledge society. This transformation leads to a surge in energy consumption which lead to an increase in carbon emission. For this reason, renewable energy systems with zero carbon emission become a vital need for economic comfort and environmental security. However, the main disadvantage of renewable energy is its intermittency and prediction. Solar and wind generation are usually unpredictable which leads to several problems if the network heavily relies on renewable energy as the primary source of electricity. This chapter describes the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with renewable energy systems to cover these problems. The authors will start with an introduction to renewable energy systems and their limitations. Then, they focus on the advantage of using IoT to enhance renewable systems.
... The utilization of solar energy for electrical energy has an impact on environmental protection and green technology as a platform that will reduce the greenhouse effect on earth [8] [9]. An off-Grid system is a power generation system device that only relies on the sun as the only main energy source by using a series of photovoltaic solar PV modules to produce electrical energy as needed [10]. ...
... Where, I CC is the CC input current (from PV array) and SF is a safety factor. Safety factor applied is 1.25 as some loads might require a surge current at the beginning of their operation [49]. The number of CC that are going to be implemented can be defined as follows: ...
... Installations above 100 kW are designated as utility scales or solar farms/plants, and installations commonly found on the roof of a building with commercial capacity range from 10 kW to 100 kW [46]. The smallest type of installation found on private properties is the residential scale of less than 10 kW [46,48]. Cell ageing, soiling, partial shading, dust collection, and cell damage are examples of unavoidable non-optimal conditions that affect the power output of a photovoltaic array. ...
It is crucial to design new communication technologies to surmount the setbacks in RF communication systems. A suitable energy-efficiency scheme helps evade needless energy consumption in wireless communication. Appropriate choice of the most suitable energy-efficiency scheme aids in selecting the most energy-efficient equipment to minimize the expense of energy towards decreasing individual network element energy consumption without affecting their unique features. This review presents the energy efficiency challenges in wireless communication by employing different technologies. The emergence of visible light communication (VLC) provides an energy-efficient wireless communication system despite the various challenges inherent in its adoption that limit its physical realization. This work seeks to harness the potential of the transmission capabilities of VLC while providing an insight into novel practical implementation techniques. The work also addresses the energy consumption problem of low-active components and idle period of active components of base stations by using sleep modes for their systematic turning off and on. The high cost of power supply and the environmental emission of gases from base stations are also addressed by integrating a renewable energy resource into the conventional standalone diesel generators. Overall, the work provides an overview of information necessary for foundational research in energy-efficient resources applied to emerging wireless communication systems.
... Using this method has two drawbacks: it lowers the energy efficiency of crystalline silicon cells by 0.4-0.65 percent for every degree Celsius increase, and if the impacts of heat are prolonged, the module may suffer permanent physical damage. [45]Thus, cooling solar modules is important not only for improving performance, but also for extending the life of the panels. This drawback, however, may be overcome by making efficient use of the solar module's waste heat. ...
... they 44 were used to minimize the physical time necessary to conduct all required simulations in ANSYS while maintaining accuracy. [53] 45 ...
Solar energy is the most promising renewable energy source due to its unlimited supply, ecologically favorable concept, and possibilities for directly harvesting energy from the Sun. Photovoltaic thermal PVT modules combine photovoltaic (PV) modules with solar thermal collectors to produce electricity and heat energy.
In the present work an experimental and numerical analysis was carried out to evaluate the performance of Photovoltaic thermal PVT modules according to Iraqi weather condition also to create an applicable model for direct contact type PVT for hot water production and cooling the solar cell with different models and flow rate from 1 to 4 L/Min with water layer thickness (4,10 and 15 )mm.
The numerical study include nine different models start from model one horizontal flow channel, model two middle baffle plate, model three side baffle plate, model four 45-degree baffle plate, model five baffle plate filled channel, model six square spiral baffle plate, model seven two spiral baffle plate, model eight rectangle path baffle plate, model nine vertical flow channel, The results show that the optimum outlet water temperature is with model one at 29.25ºC at a 2 L/min flow rate and maximum thermal efficiency 74% with model nine.
The experimental study consisted of the first model with the dimension 1*2 m with numerical model show good agreement with error less and compare than 2.4 % the experimental thermal efficiency 65 % and increasing with flow rate increase. the maximum thermal and overall efficiency obtained with IX model nine (D9) with thermal efficiency = 74% at flow rate = 4L/min the results also show that the overall efficiency increase as the flow rate increase from 1 to 4 L/Min and the outlet water temperature decrease as the flow rate increase, the development of the nine models of the water thermal collector provide the knowledge of the temperature distribution throughout the models and can apply the model as home application for hot water production and electricity
... It is possible to make the following classification of photovoltaic systems [2]: Grid-Connected, Off-Grid, and Interactive. The Grid-Connected type [3] is a plant that, such as defined, must be electrically connected, by means of special cables, to the national electricity grid, into which is fed by all (or almost all) the energy produced, converted into (AC) alternating current. ...
... Sizing of the voltage regulator can be obtained by multiplying the short circuit current of the modules connected in parallel by a safety factor (fsafe). The result gives the rated current of the voltage regulator [18]. ...
... In the event of a failure in the transmission network or inadequate parameters of generated energy, the power plant is disconnected from the system. Off-grid systems ( Fig. 2), not connected to the power system, are usually used in places difficult to access, where the construction of the transmission network would be very expensive, or to power devices such as parking meters, traffic lights and signs, meteorological stations and power supply for water pumps [3]. In these types of installations, battery packs are additionally used, which store the generated energy and allow it to be used, for example at night, when energy from photovoltaic panels is not produced. ...
The article presents a brief overview of renewable energy sources, microgrids and energy storage problems. The construction and utilisation of university research station to study the operation of a hybrid power plant with an energy storage unit has been described. The tested hybrid power plant consists of a photovoltaic panel and a wind turbine. There are two possible areas of research, one is when the microgrid is connected to the main grid and second when it functions independently as a stand-alone setup. In addition, the model allows to study the characteristics of photovoltaic cells, examine the dependence of generated power on the time, season and angle of the solar panel. In this article, the current-voltage characteristics and influence of solar azimuth angle on cell power, dependence of wind on power generated by the wind turbine, and study of off-grid work of power plant are presented.
