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Occurrence of species of the Paramecium aurelia complex, Paramecium multimicronucleatum and P. caudatum in the studied sampling places in Israel
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The presence of P. primaurelia, P. biaurelia, P. tetraurelia, and P. octaurelia of the Paramecium aurelia complex was revealed in Israel. The last species was recorded for the first time in Asia.
Context in source publication
Citations
... Hydrogen bonding between the canonical (A.U; G.C), non canonical (G.U) and intermediate unstable pairings (A.C) result in the formation of helices whereas other cosmopolitan in distribution, five species [P. septaurelia, P. decaurelia, P. undecaurelia, P. dodecaurelia, and P. sonneborniare] are known from US, while P. quadecaurelia has been reported only from Australia [Przybos and Fokin, 2000;Przybos et al., 2002Przybos et al., , 2003Przybos et al., , 2005Przybos et al., , 2008aPrzybos et al., ,b, 2009Przybos et al., , 2012. P. novaurelia was described as limited only to Europe, later on this species was also reported from Asia (Turkey, Anatolian Upland). ...
Besides cytological and molecular applications, Paramecium is being used in water quality assessment and for determination of saprobic levels. An unambiguous identification of these unicellular eukaryotes is not only essential, but its ecological diversity is also required to be explored in the local environment. 18SrRNA genes of all the strains of Paramecium species isolated from waste water were amplified, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison of the nucleotide sequences of these strains with 23 closely related Paramecium species from GenBank Database enabled identification of Paramecium multimicronucleatum and Paramecium jenningsi. Some isolates did not show significant close association with other Paramecium species, and hence because of their unique position in the phylogenetic tree, they were considered new to science. In the present report these isolates are being designated as Paramecium caudatum pakistanicus. In this article, secondary structure of 18SrRNA has also been analyzed as an additional and perhaps more reliable topological marker for species discrimination and for determining possible phylogenetic relationship between the ciliate species. On the basis of comparison of secondary structure of 18SrRNA of various isolated Paramacium strains, and among Paramecium caudatum pakistanicus, Tetrahymena thermophila, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens it can be deduced that variable regions are more helpful in differentiating the species at interspecific level rather than at intraspecific level. It was concluded that V3 was the least variable region in all the organisms, V2 and V7 were the longest expansion segments of D. melanogaster and there was continuous mutational bias towards G.C base pairing in H. sapiens. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The occurrence of ciliates, especially the Paramecium aurelia complex, has not yet been studied in many parts of the world, or sampling was done only occasionally. Generally, the southern hemisphere still awaits investigation. In North America only the USA was studied in greater detail; the majority of species of the complex were there recorded. In Asia, more frequent sampling was performed only in Japan and Asiatic Russia. Europe was studied more carefully, however, a different number of habitats was studied in particular zones of Europe, the least in the southern zone. New stands of P. tetraurelia, P. sexaurelia, P. octaurelia, and P. novaurelia were revealed as a result of the present investigations carried out in Africa (Mozambique – P. tetraurelia, P. sexaurelia), Asia (Indonesia – P. sexaurelia), borderland of Asia and Europe (Georgia – P. octaurelia), and Europe (Macedonia – P. tetraurelia and Romania – P. novaurelia). Are climatic zones the main factor limiting the occurrence of species of the P. aurelia complex? Analysis of data on the distribution of the P. aurelia species complex in warm “tropical” zones on different continents may suggest such preferences for some species, including P. sexaurelia, P. octaurelia, P. tredecaurelia, P. quadecaurelia. The first two of these species were recorded herein in warm or “tropical” zone.
The Paramecium aurelia complex includes 15 species (sibling species) and
is characterised by inbreeding (to varying degrees in different species), causing an
increase in intra-specific differentiation. Investigations into inter- and intraspecific
differentiation of strains originating from remote habitats within species of the complex
were carried out by classical inter-strain crosses and molecular analyses (RAPD–
PCR fingerprints, ARDRA riboprints, RFLP–PCR analysis). RAPD analysis showed that
all species in the complex possessed characteristic band patterns and the majority
were also polymorphic intra-specifically. A correlation exists between the degree of
inbreeding characteristic for a species with differentiation ofDNAgenotypes revealed
by RAPD analysis within species, where inbreeders showed substantial variability of
band patterns and moderate inbreeders were highly similar. RFLP analysis (a 480bp
fragment of the gene coding the Hsp 70 protein) with the application of restriction
enzyme TruII distinguished among species, while digestion with restriction enzyme
AluI distinguished groups of species (clusters) and both enzymes revealed intraspecies
polymorphism within P. dodecaurelia. ARDRA riboprinting (using a fragment
of SSU-LSU rDNA, about 2400 bp) with restriction enzymes HhaI, AluI, HinfI, TaqI
distinguished groups of species with different band patterns. The majority of enzymes
also demonstrated intra-specific differentiation within P. dodecaurelia. TaqI
also revealed intraspecific differences in P. biaurelia and P. tetraurelia. All species
in the P. aurelia complex showed a high percentage of surviving hybrid clones in F1
obtained by conjugation and F2 obtained by autogamy in inter-strain crosses. A low
percentage was observed only in F2 inter-strain hybrids of P. tredecaurelia, however
no cytological changes in the nuclear apparatuses were detected and similar band
patterns existed in the studied strains. Future studies, including sequencing of rDNA
fragments, may disclose deeper relationships of the species.
This is the first report on the presence of P. biaurelia in Tasmania, an island that has probably never been investigated before for the occurrence of the P. aurelia species. P. tetraurelia was recorded in Brazil, another very poorly investigated country in terms of this species complex. New stands of P. biaurelia and P. tetraurelia were also recorded in Japan. We present data concerning the occurrence and distribution of the P. aurelia species on different continents as a background for the newly described stands of P. aurelia spp.
New stands of Paramecium biaurelia, P. triaurelia, P. tetraurelia, P. pentaurelia, P. novaurelia, and P. dodecaurelia were recorded in Russia. Especially interesting is the record of P. novaurelia in Vladivostok, Russian Far East, as it is a very rare species outside of Europe. The distribution of species of the Paramecium aurelia complex in Eurasia with emphasis on findings in Russia is discussed.
The first stand of Paramecium octaurelia in Europe (Germany) is described and interesting intra-specific polymorphism is compared within the species using strains originating from different continents (Europe, N. America and Asia). Sequenced fragments of 5' LSU rDNA and COI mtDNA revealed that the studied strains form two groups, one with strains from Germany and USA, and a second group from Israel.
The paper concerns the finding of a new habitat (Kiryat Motzkin, north of Haifa, Israel) of Paramecium tredecaurelia from the P. aurelia complex. This is only the forth known locality of the species in the world. Previously, its strains were obtained from widely separated localities: the River Seine, Paris, France; Benenitra, Madagascar, and the Cuernavaca Valley, Taxco, Mexico. The studied strain originating from Israel was identified as P. tredecaurelia on the basis of the strong (90%) conjugation between the complementary mating type of the examined clones with the appropriate standard strain 209 of P. tredecaurelia from Paris, France (restricted to odd mating type). However, the strain from Israel is restricted to the even mating type.
